Cavernous lymphangiomas, characterized by the cystic enlargement of lymphatic vessels in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, are rarely reported in the scalp. We present the case of a 6-month-old male infant with occipital scalp swelling, whose ultrasonographic examination identified a multiseptated hypoechoic mass in the subcutaneous layer. Histologically, the tumor exhibited irregular, dilated spaces lined with a single layer of endothelial cells, showing D2-40 positivity. This represents a rare case of pediatric cavernous lymphangioma of the scalp, accompanied by a literature review.

Background: Sleep disorders and insomnia are prevalent worldwide, with negative health outcomes. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used self-report assessment tool for evaluating sleep quality, comprising seven subdomains. The Korean version of the PSQI (PSQI-K) has been tested for reliability and validity in small sample sizes but lacks large-scale validation using objective measures. Methods: This study was conducted with 268 Korean adults attending health check programs. Participants completed the PSQI-K questionnaire and wore Fitbit devices (Fitbit Inc., USA) to ascertain sleep parameters. Reliability was analyzed using the Cronbach’s α coefficient, and construct validity was determined through factor analysis. Criteria validity was assessed by correlating their index scores with Fitbit sleep parameters. We identified the optimal cutoff for detecting sleep disorders. Results: The Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.61, indicating adequate internal consistency. Factor analysis revealed three factors, explaining 48.2% of sleep quality variance. The index scores were negatively correlated with Fitbit sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and number of awakenings (P<0.05). The optimal cutoff point for identifying sleep disorder groups was ≥6. Conclusion The PSQI-K demonstrated good reliability and validity when correlated with Fitbit sleep parameters, offering a practical screening tool for identifying sleep disorders among Korean adults. Cutoff scores can help identify patients for sleep interventions. However, further large-scale studies are required to validate these findings.

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy typically associated with dismal outcomes. Most patients present with advanced disease, often precluding curative resection. We report a case of intrathyroidal ATC incidentally identified in a 72-year-old male who underwent diagnostic lobectomy for a low-suspicion, predominantly cystic huge thyroid nodule. Final pathology revealed a completely resected, intrathyroidal ATC without extrathyroidal extension. Postoperative imaging showed no evidence of residual or metastatic disease. Based on multidisciplinary discussion, the patient underwent completion thyroidectomy and central neck dissection without adjuvant therapy. No residual malignancy was identified, and the patient remains recurrence-free at six months. This case highlights that early-stage intrathyroidal ATC may present without overt malignant features and can be curatively treated with complete surgical excision. Careful evaluation and multidisciplinary decision-making are essential in managing rapidly enlarging thyroid nodules with atypical features.

Noninvasive liver fibrosis assessment is vital for chronic liver disease management. Although liver biopsy remains the gold standard, it is invasive with limited feasibility. Shear wave elastography (SWE) accurately evaluates liver stiffness, detecting liver fibrosis and cirrhosis across etiologies including viral hepatitis and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Despite confounders like obesity or elevated liver enzymes, SWE also aids in predicting portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma risk, serving as a key tool in clinical decision-making.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body composition and glaucoma by analyzing the associations between anthropometric and ocular parameters. Methods: A total of 494 eyes from 247 patients were reviewed from a general health examination database at a tertiary hospital. Anthropometric parameters were assessed using a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance device. Mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP) was calculated based on systolic and diastolic blood pressures and intraocular pressure (IOP). Retinal thickness and other ocular parameters were analyzed for their association with body composition. Results: A total of 221 eyes from 221 patients, including 104 with glaucoma, were enrolled in the final analysis. The prevalence of sarcopenia was significantly higher in patients with glaucomatous damage than in those without (p = 0.025). Higher IOP showed significant associations with lower MOPP (p < 0.001), higher body mass index (BMI; p = 0.001), and higher waist to hip ratio (p = 0.001). Retinal thickness was not significantly associated with body composition parameters, including BMI and appendicular lean mass adjusted with squared height. Higher MOPP was significantly correlated with lower IOP (p < 0.001), higher BMI (p < 0.001), higher waist to hip ratio (p < 0.001), and higher appendicular lean mass divided by squared height (p = 0.009). Conclusions Skeletal muscle mass and BMI were significantly associated with MOPP. Since low MOPP is a known risk factor for glaucoma, its association with skeletal muscle mass may indicate a relationship between systemic muscle health, ocular blood perfusion, and glaucomatous damage. Further large-scale studies are needed to validate these associations between skeletal muscle mass and glaucoma and explore their clinical implications.

Background and Objectives: Metoclopramide is an antagonist of dopamine D2 receptor and is capable of alleviating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. However, its underlying mechanisms and function in improving the efficiency of chemotherapy are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the sensitizing effect of metoclopramide on the platinum-based drugs-mediated apoptosis in human head and neck cancer cells.Subjects and Method Apoptosis was analyzed using a cell-based cytometer. The protein expression and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were assessed by Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results: Metoclopramide sensitized the platinum-based drug (cisplatin and oxaliplatin)-mediated apoptosis in AMC-HN4 cells, but not in normal cells. Mechanistically, we found that metoclopramide decreased Mcl-1 protein expression through post-translational regulation. Moreover, the overexpression of Mcl-1 prevented apoptosis by combined treatment of metoclopramide and platinum-based drugs. Conclusion Metoclopramide induced proteasome-mediated Mcl-1 downregulation, resulting in increased sensitivity to platinum-based drugs.

The anticancer drugs have evolved significantly, spanning molecular targeted therapeutics (MTTs), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Complications associated with these drugs vary widely based on their mechanisms of action. MTTs that target angiogenesis can often lead to complications related to ischemia or endothelial damage across various organs, whereas non-anti-angiogenic MTTs present unique complications derived from their specific pharmacological actions. ICIs are predominantly associated with immunerelated adverse events, such as pneumonitis, colitis, hepatitis, thyroid disorders, hypophysitis, and sarcoid-like reactions. CAR-T therapy causes unique and severe complications including cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. ADCs tend to cause complications associated with cytotoxic payloads. A comprehensive understanding of these drug-specific toxicities, particularly using medical imaging, is essential for providing optimal patient care. Based on this knowledge, radiologists can play a pivotal role in multidisciplinary teams. Therefore, radiologists must stay up-to-date on the imaging characteristics of these complications and the mechanisms underlying novel anticancer drugs.

Objective: To assess the feasibility of ultrafast brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 194 pediatric patients aged 0 to 19 years (median 10.2 years) who underwent both ultrafast and conventional brain MRI between May 2019 and August 2020. Ultrafast MRI sequences included T1 and T2-weighted images (T1WI and T2WI), fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2*-weighted image (T2*WI), and diffusion-weighted image (DWI). Qualitative image quality and lesion evaluations were conducted on 5-point Likert scales by two blinded radiologists, with quantitative assessment of lesion count and size on T1WI, T2WI, and FLAIR sequences for each protocol. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analyses were used for comparison. Results: The total scan times for equivalent image contrasts were 1 minute 44 seconds for ultrafast MRI and 15 minutes 30 seconds for conventional MRI. Overall, image quality was lower in ultrafast MRI than in conventional MRI, with mean quality scores ranging from 2.0 to 4.8 for ultrafast MRI and 4.8 to 5.0 for conventional MRI across sequences (P < 0.001 for T1WI, T2WI, FLAIR, and T2*WI for both readers; P = 0.018 [reader 1] and 0.031 [reader 2] for DWI). Lesion detection rates on ultrafast MRI relative to conventional MRI were as follows: T1WI, 97.1%; T2WI, 99.6%; FLAIR, 92.9%; T2*WI, 74.1%; and DWI, 100%. The ICC (95% confidence interval) for lesion size measurements between ultrafast and conventional MRI was as follows: T1WI, 0.998 (0.996–0.999); T2WI, 0.998 (0.997–0.999); and FLAIR, 0.99 (0.985–0.994). Conclusion Ultrafast MRI significantly reduces scan time and provides acceptable results, albeit with slightly lower image quality than conventional MRI, for evaluating intracranial abnormalities in pediatric patients.

Thyroid cancer, one of the most common endocrine tumors, generally has a favorable prognosis but remains a significant medical and societal concern due to its high incidence. Early diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) significantly affect long-term outcomes, requiring the selection and application of appropriate initial treatments to improve prognosis and quality of life. Recent advances in technology and health information systems have enhanced our understanding of the molecular genetics of thyroid cancer, facilitating the identification of aggressive subgroups and enabling the accumulation of research on risk factors through big data. The Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) has revised the “KTA Guidelines on the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers 2024” to incorporate these advances, which were developed by a multidisciplinary team and underwent extensive review and approval processes by various academic societies. This article summarizes the 2024 KTA guidelines for nuclear medicine imaging in patients with DTC, written by the Nuclear Medicine members of the KTA Guideline Committee, and covers 18 F-FDG PET/CT and radioiodine imaging with SPECT/CT in the management of DTC. 

Thyroid cancer, one of the most common endocrine tumors, generally has a favorable prognosis but remains a significant medical and societal concern due to its high incidence. Early diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) significantly affect long-term outcomes, requiring the selection and application of appropriate initial treatments to improve prognosis and quality of life. Recent advances in technology and health information systems have enhanced our understanding of the molecular genetics of thyroid cancer, facilitating the identification of aggressive subgroups and enabling the accumulation of research on risk factors through big data. The Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) has revised the “KTA Guidelines on the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers 2024” to incorporate these advances, which were developed by a multidisciplinary team and underwent extensive review and approval processes by various academic societies.This article summarizes the 2024 KTA guidelines for radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy in patients with DTC, written by the Nuclear Medicine members of the KTA Guideline Committee, and covers RAI therapy as initial management of DTC and RAI therapy in advanced thyroid cancer.