The Ministry of Health and Welfare introduced a new reimbursement system called the Eligibility Management System in Medical Aid in July 2007. The operation of this system is interlocked with patient care programs of medical institutions. The new system was expected to realize effective management of the eligibility of beneficiaries by interactive communications between medical institutions and the National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) and thereby improve financial stabilization of the reimbursement system and optimize healthcare practices by preventing moral hazards in the relationship between beneficiaries and medical institutions. For the effective operation of this system, however, several drawbacks need to be resolved; firstly, one can currently use the system only through the internet, secondly, there is a legal issue that medical institutions are the subject of the management of eligibility, and lastly, healthcare information needs to be transferred to NHIC in a real-time manner. Particularly the last one needs a special attention because it can raise critical concerns of potential violation of human rights of patients and unnecessary regulations of medical practices.
Delivery of Health Care ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Internet ; National Health Programs ; Patient Care ; Social Control, Formal

No abstract available.
Calcinosis* ; Heel* ; Humans ; Infant*

No abstract available.
Asthma*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify a relationship between the communication competence and social anxiety in nursing students. METHODS: With a cross-sectional survey, a convenience sampling of 303 nursing students was taken from P-university in Y-city. The instrument for the study was a questionnaire that is consisted of the general characteristics, an Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS) and a Global Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale (GICC). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS version 21.0. RESULTS: The mean score of the IAS was 41.89+/-8.74 and the GICC was 3.51+/-0.34. Communication competence significantly differed by the satisfaction of major (F=10.86, p<.001). In addition, the satisfaction of interpersonal relationships was significantly different in both communication competence (F=17.52, p<.001) and social anxiety (F=23.85, p<.001). Social anxiety had a negative correlation with communication competence (r=-.48, p<.001). Social anxiety accounted for 55.3% of the variance-social relaxation (beta=-.62), assertiveness (beta=-.18), interaction management (beta =.14) and efficiency (beta=-.13)- of communication competence's subcategories. CONCLUSION: It was found that communication competence has an influence on social anxiety. Therefore, education programs are needed to promote communication competence for a decline of social anxiety in nursing students.
Anxiety* ; Assertiveness ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education ; Humans ; Mental Competency* ; Nursing* ; Relaxation ; Students, Nursing*

No abstract available.
Chilaiditi Syndrome*

Tatbion is a tripeptide, reduced form of Glutathione(GSH or p-glutamyl-cysteiny1 -glycine). Glutathione(SH compound)is believed to inhibit melanin formation by combining witb the copper in tyrnsinase whicb is essential in the conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and DOPA to DOPA-quinone or by forming cornplex with the intermediate in the tyrosine-to-melaa.in reaction. The effect of Tathion in the treatment of melasma has not been reported in Korea. We have observed the effect of Tatbion in 150 patients with melasma. After the average duration of Gwks of treatment(50-100mg tree tirnes/daily), we were abIe to grade the results as follow. Excellent(Pigmentation almost disappeared): 17. 4 % Good (Pigmentation markedly improved): 56. 7% Fair (Pigmentation slightly improved: 7. 3% None (No effect) : 18.6% The result showed relatively good effects of Tathion in the treatment of 122pts (81.4%) with melasma in total. The brief review of literature on the treatment of melasma was undertaken.
Copper ; Dihydroxyphenylalanine ; Glutathione* ; Humans ; Korea ; Melanins ; Melanosis* ; Tyrosine

The purpose of this study was to investigate utilization and storage management practice of the frozen and refrigerated foods in school foodservice. 222 dietitians employed in school foodservice were surveyed. In school foodservice, the refrigerated stock farm products and seafoods (78.3%) were more used rather than frozen products (47.5%). According to school foodservice characteristics, the refrigerated meats including dairy products were more frequently used in elementary and middle schools than high school foodservice. On the other hand, the foodservice in high school used more frozen seafoods and processed foods than elementary school did. The data also showed a tendency for the contracted foodservice using more frozen meats and seafoods rather than refrigerated products when comparing with the self-operated foodservice. In terms of receiving conditions, storage methods and storage time, the result indicated that frozen or refrigerated products were often delivered at inappropriate temperature. Especially some products which were needed to be shipped and stored at refrigerated temperature such as mollusks, were delivered and kept at room temperature. The most frequently used thawing method were running water (56.9%), however, the frozen products were often sitted at room temperature for the purpose of thawing. According to the results, several inappropriate handling processes for frozen and refrigerated products were found in school foodservice. In order to improve handling process for frozen and refrigerated products, recognition of food handlers' weakness about storage and distribution, development of radical standards for receiving conditions, storage and thawing methods should be debated.
Dairy Products ; Hand ; Humans ; Meat* ; Mollusca ; Nutritionists ; Running ; Seafood* ; Ships ; Water

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the response of hyperplastic endometrium to Medroxyprogesterone acetate according to the histologic types such as simple typical, complex typical and atypical hyperplasia. METHODS: A total of 79 patients with histologically proved endometrial hyperplasia were enrolled into this prospective study between March 1996 and May 1998. Patients without atypia were placed on a regimen of cyclic therapy with 10mg MPA orally, each day for 14days per month for 3 months. In the cases in which hyperplasia did not regress , MPA was increased to 20mg. Patients with atypical hyperplasia received continuous MPA therapy, 20mg orally each day for 3 month. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 3 months and a maximum of 1 year(mean 7 months). RESULTS: In patients with simple typical hyperplasia, 45 patients(80.4%) had regression, 11 patients(19.6%) had persistence and none had progression. In patients with complex typical hyperplasia, 10 patients(83.3%) had regression, 2 patients(16.7%) had persistence and none had progression. But, in patients with atypical hyperplasia 5 patients(45.4%) had regression, 4 patients(36.4%) had persistence and 2(18.2%) patients had well differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma. There was no recurrence during the follow up. CONCLUSION: This data suggest that most women with typical hyperplasia respond to progestin therapy, but there is high failure rate of response to progestin therapy and risk of endometrial cancer in patients with atypical hyperplasia. If the young patient desires to preserve her fertility, then progestin therapy may be considered as primary treatment in patients with atypical hyperplasia. But older patients in whom fertility is not an issue, hysterectomy should be selected as treatment of choice for atypical lesion.
Adenocarcinoma ; Endometrial Hyperplasia* ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Endometrium ; Female ; Fertility ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Hysterectomy ; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ; Medroxyprogesterone* ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence

PURPOSE: This study is to conduct a comparative analysis of influencing factors on the experience of mammography targeting ordinary women and outpatients. METHODS: The target subjects were 116 ordinary women and 105 outpatients, and the study period was around 8 months from May to December. RESULTS: When mammography experience was examined, it was found that mammography experience was conducted in 44.8% of ordinary women and 59.0% of outpatients, but this study showed that there was a statistically significant difference. When the relation between the characteristics of the targeted objects and the experience of mammography was examined, it was found that ordinary women have a lot of experience when they have regular exercises and a high health belief. On the other hand, in case of outpatients. mammography experience was more frequent in the older group. In addition, outpatients had experiences in breast-related diseases or high self-efficacy. It was also found that the influencing factors on the experience of mammography were a high health belief in case of ordinary women, and old ages and high self-efficacy in case of outpatients. CONCLUSIONS: In order to increase the rate of conducting early detection behavior for mammography, it is needed to conduct an intervention that increases health belief for ordinary women, while it is effective to conduct an intervention that increases self-efficacy for outpatients.
Breast Neoplasms ; Exercise ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Mammography* ; Outpatients*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The clinical manifestation of Henoch-Schonlein purpura and existance of renal involvement may influence on its course and prognosis. To verify prevention with early administration of steroid, we studied the efficacy of corticosteroid treatment. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We analysed 65 children under 15 years of age with Henoch-Scho nlein purpura according to their age, sex, and seasonal incidence. Forty children showed typical skin lesions, arthralgia and abdominal pain. We have divided them two groups. Group A consisted of 20 children who received 1 mg/kg of prednisolone/perday for 2 weeks and group B did not. We carried out their physical examination and urinalysis monthly for a year. RESULT: The main clinical manifestations were skin rash(100% ), abdominal symptoms(41.5 %), joint symptoms (49.2%), and renal involvement(34%). As for gastrointestinal symptoms, abdominal pain(66.7% ) was most commonly observed one and others were nausea or vomiting (44.7%) and melena(25.9%). The joint involvement was observed mostly in knee(56.3%) and ankle joint(31.3% ), Hematuria was observed in all cases with renal involvement and proteinuria, in 28% of them. The improvement of renal manifestations were noted in 84.2% of them within 4 months. Mild elevation of IgA was more frequently observed in renal involvement group than non-involved group (p< 0.01). There were no significant differences in immonologic parameters such as IgG, IgM, IgE, duration of the acute phase and severity of cutaneous symptoms between two growps. None of steroid treated growp showed progression of nephropathy. Of the 20 non-steroid treated growp, 2(10%) developed nephropathy. Conclusion We may suggest that existance of renal involvement in Henoch-Schonlein purpura influences its course and prognosis.
Abdominal Pain ; Ankle ; Arthralgia ; Child ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Incidence ; Joints ; Nausea ; Physical Examination ; Prognosis ; Proteinuria ; Purpura* ; Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch ; Seasons ; Skin ; Urinalysis ; Vomiting