The purpose of this study was to assess several indices of diet quality based on nutrient, food and food group intake of Korean adolescents based on several indices on diet quality according to residence area and body size. Using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey, twenty-four-hour-dietary recalls of a total of 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13-19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), index of nutritional quality (INQ), the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS) and food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS). In doing that, it was attempted to apply only the minimum amount of solid foods of Kant's without inclusion of liquid foods because of the very limited variety in Korean foods. Based on weight length index, 13.1% of the subjects were categorized as obese, 14.2%, overweight, 44.4%, normal and 28.3%, underweight. Only vitamin B2 intake was higher in the obese group than in the underweight group. There was no meaningful difference in energy, protein and fat intakes according to the grade of the body size. In terms of residence area, intake of fat, niacin, vitamin B6 and folic acid were lower in the rural areas than in the metropolitan city. Only vitamin E intake was higher in the rural areas. Mean value of NARs (MAR) and INQs (mINQ) was also higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural areas, but there was no significant difference of these two values according to body size of the subjects. Mean DVS was 21.02 for total subjects, and has no difference between male and female and between metropolitan city and other medium-small city. But, the rural areas showed the lowest DVS of 19.05. Mean DDS in which five is a maximum score was 3.3 with no significant difference by sex and by residence area in male subjects. However, in female subjects, DDS in the rural areas was the lowest. According to body size of the subjects, there was no meaningful difference in both scores of DVS and DDS. In conclusion, most indices of nutrient intake and food and food group intake were not significantly different by body size of the subjects, while most indices were significantly different by residence areas: higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural area.
Adolescent* ; Body Size* ; Diet* ; Female ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Male ; Niacin ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritive Value ; Overweight ; Riboflavin ; Thinness ; Vitamin B 6 ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

The purpose of this study was to determine composition of food groups appropriate for the evaluation of the quality of total diet or food guide, using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Twenty-fourhour-dietary recalls of total 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13 - 19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS), intake patterns of food group, mean index of nutritional quality (mINQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR). Considering Korean food pattern different from the Americans, this study is to check if Korean 5 food groups with both of oil & sugar group and vegetable &fruit group, and a minimum amount of 30 g in grain group and 15 g in meat group modified from Kant's minimum amount, 15 g in grain and 30 g in meat, could also be appropriate for the diet evaluation of Korean adolescents. Combination of food group and minimum food intake per each food group used in the first trial were categorized into 6 kinds of types: 1) American 5 food groups with Kant's minimum amount as control or 2) American 5 food groups with modified Kant's minimum amount 3) Korean 5 food groups excluded by sugar with the modified amount 4) Korean 5 food groups with modified amount 5) American food groups added oil group with the modified amount 6) American food groups added oil & sugar group with the modified amount. In case of oil group or oil and sugar group, 5 g was quoted for the minimum amount. Correlation between DDS and indices of other diet quality in each type of food group composition were analyzed and the best food group composition was traced by comparing the correlation coefficients of DDS and mINQ or MARs at alpha < 0.01. There was no meaningful difference in weight length index of the subjects of eating or not-eating oil or oil & sugar, while the values of mINQ showed higher in the subjects eating oil but no difference in the subjects eating oil & sugar, compared to the group not-eating, respectively. In comparison of type 1 and type 2, correlation between DDS and indices of other diet quality showed higher in type 1 using Kant's amount. And comparing the type of a combined group of fruit & vegetable (type 3 and 4) and the type of separated group of fruit and vegetable (type 5 and 6). six groups of separated vegetable and fruit showed the higher correlation of DDSs and indices of diet quality. In case of being classified into six groups with oil, DDS showed correlation of r = 0.293 with INQ. While, being classified into six groups with oil & sugar instead of oil only, DDS showed correlation of r = 0.249 with INQ. Accordingly the type 5 with oil is regarded as the better food group type than the type 6 with oil & sugar. Since better result was shown in the composition of six groups with Kant's minimum amount, the comparative analysis on both of type 1 with oil and oil & sugar was finally performed. Then oil added type 1 showed higher correlation of DDS and indices of diet quality. These result indicated that it would be more appropriate to use six food groups with separate vegetable and fruit including oil group (oil-added type 1) rather than oil &sugar group for evaluat ion of dietary quality of Korean adolescents using DDS.
Adolescent* ; Diet* ; Eating ; Edible Grain ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Mars ; Meat ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritive Value ; Vegetables

No abstract available.
Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Brucella melitensis/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Brucellosis/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Doxycycline/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Republic of Korea ; Rifampin/therapeutic use ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spondylitis/diagnostic imaging

Previous studies have suggested that glutathione S-transferase (GST) genotypes may play a role in determining susceptibility to cervical cancer, though the data have often been conflicting. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of GSTP1 polymorphism on cervical carcinogenesis. The studied subjects, patients who were pathologically diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer yielding positive results for human papillomavirus (HPV) (n=342), were compared to healthy, normal, female controls (n=707). DNA from peripheral blood samples from studied subjects whose GSTP1 specific sequences had been determined by PCR with allele-specific primers were reviewed in comparison with the normal controls. The genetic susceptibility of GSTP1 (11q 13.1) in cervical carcinogenesis was determined by examining the effect of gene and environmental factors by the different histopathologic types of invasive cervical cancers. In assessing polymorphism GSTP1, the percentages of individuals homozygous for the A allele, homozygous for the G allele, and heterozygous for the two alleles were 66.8%, 3.9%, and 29.3%, respectively, in the control group, and 64.3%, 4.1%, and 31.6%, respectively, among in women with cervical cancer. Compared with GSTP1 G allele positive (GA or G/G), the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for GSTP1 A/A was 1.0 (0.7 - 1.4) for invasive cervical cancer. However, the risk increased with GSTP1 A/A among ever smokers (3.9, 1.7 - 8.9, p-value=0.0012) compared with GSTP1 G allele positive among nonsmokers. In particular, this risk was higher among women with squamous cell carcinoma (4.7, 2.0 - 10.8, p=0.0003). Polymorphism of GSTP1 among smoking women was associated with a higher risk of developing cervical cancer.
Adult ; Aged ; Cervix Neoplasms/*etiology/genetics ; Female ; Glutathione Transferase/*genetics ; Human ; Isoenzymes/*genetics ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Middle Age ; Polymorphism (Genetics) ; Risk ; Smoking

PURPOSE: To diagnose soft tissue tumor, such as lipoma and Schwannoma, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sufficient in most cases. However, various characteristics are found in MRI images of Schwannoma, thus other type of tumors are often misdiagnosed as Schwannoma with MRI images. In this study, we evaluate the diagnostic value of specific MRI findings of Schwannoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2002 to May 2013, 104 patients who are suspected as Schwannoma rith MRI images are included in data, and the final diagnosis is confirmed with biopsy. Patients are divided into group 1 and group 2 who are confirmed as Schwannoma and other disease with biopsy, respectively. RESULTS: 92 patients were diagnosed as Schwannoma (group 1) and 12 patients were diagnosed as other disease (group 2). We investigate the diagnostic value of specific MRI findings of Schwannoma. 41 patients of group 1 (45%) and 0 patients of group 2 (0%) showed target sign, 47 patients of group 1 (51%) and 2 patients of group 2 (17%) showed fascicular sign, 44 patients of group 1 (48%) and 5 patients of group 2 (42%) showed fat split sign, 28 patients of group 1 (30%) and 1 patients of group 2(9%) showed nerve entering and exiting sign, and 8 patients of group 1 (9%) and 6 patients of group 2 (50%) showed none of four specific findings on their MRI images. 52 patients of group 1 (57%) and 5 patients of group 2 (42%) have tumors on the pathway of nerve. Target sign could be considered as the best diagnostic value of the sign we investigate (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Although specific MRI findings have powerful diagnostic value, patients are often misdiagnosed as Schwannoma with MRI findings. Therefore, if patients who are suspected as Schwannoma based on MRI findings have no target sign on their MRI images, we should consider the possibility of other disease.
Biopsy ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lipoma ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Neurilemmoma*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to suggest an appropriate therapeutic approach by making a comparison between conservative therapy and surgical therapy for a pathologic fractures of the humerus caused by benign bone tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected 15 cases with a pathologic fracture of the humerus caused by benign bone tumor from January 2000 to April 2014 to evaluate the fracture union period and remission of primary bone tumor. Eight cases were treated with conservative therapy, and 7 cases by surgical therapy. The mean age was 13.1 years, and the age range was between 1 year and 19 years; there were 8 male cases and 7 female cases. The mean follow-up period was 24.9 months, with a range from 4 months to 72 months. We evaluated the remission of primary benign tumor in accordance with the ‘Modified Neer classification’ system. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in age, sex, and mean follow-up period between the two groups. The pathologic fracture was united in all cases without secondary displacement. There was no statistically significant difference in the fracture union period (p=0.164) and remission of primary benign tumor (p=0.931) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: We suggest that both conservative and surgical therapies can be a treatment for pathologic fracture of the humerus caused by benign bone tumor.
Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Spontaneous* ; Humans ; Humerus ; Male

PURPOSE: The discoidin domain-containing receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (DDR2) is known to contain mutations in a small subset of patients with squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the lung. Studying the DDR2 mutations in patients with SCC of the lung would advance our understanding and guide the development of therapeutic strategies against lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected 100 samples through a preliminary genetic screen, including specimens from biopsies and surgical resection, and confirmed SCC by histologic examination. DDR2 mutations on exons 6, 15, 16, and 18 were analyzed by Sanger sequencing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. The functional effects of novel DDR2 mutants were confirmed by in vitro assays. RESULTS: We identified novel somatic mutations of DDR2 in two of the 100 SCC samples studied. One mutation was c.1745T>A (p.V582E) and the other was c.1784T>C (p.L595P), and both were on exon 15. Both patients were smokers and EGFR/KRAS/ALK-triple negative. The expression of the mutant DDR2 induced activation of DDR2 by the collagen ligand and caused enhanced cell growth and tumor progression. Moreover, dasatinib, a DDR2 inhibitor, showed potential efficacy against DDR2 L595P mutant–bearing cells. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a mutation in DDR2 occurs naturally with a frequency of about 2% in Korean lung SCC patients. In addition, we showed that each of the novel DDR2 mutations were located in a kinase domain and induced an increase in cell proliferation rate.
Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Proliferation ; Collagen ; Dasatinib ; Epithelial Cells* ; Exons ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Phosphotransferases ; Prevalence* ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases* ; TYK2 Kinase* ; Tyrosine*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The nonspecific clinical presentation of acute hepatitis A (AHA) mandates the detection of anti-hepatitis A virus IgM antibodies (IgM anti-HAV) in the serum for obtaining a definitive diagnosis. However, IgM anti-HAV might not be present during the early phase of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal time for repeating the IgM anti-HAV test (HAV test) in AHA patients with a negative initial test. METHODS: In total, 261 patients hospitalized with AHA were enrolled for this retrospective study. AHA was diagnosed when the test for IgM anti-HAV was positive and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was > or =400 IU/L. Repeat HAV test was conducted after 1-2 weeks if the initial HAV test was negative but AHA was still clinically suspected. RESULTS: The results of the initial HAV test were negative in 28 (10.7%) patients. The intervals from symptom onset to the initial-HAV-test day and from the peak-ALT day to the initial-HAV-test day were significantly shorter in the negative-initial-HAV-test group, but on multivariate analysis only the latter was significantly associated with negative results for the initial HAV test (beta=-0.978; odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=0.376 [0.189-0.747]; P=0.005). The HAV test was positive in all patients when it was performed at least 2 days after the peak-ALT day. CONCLUSIONS: The results of HAV tests were significantly associated with the interval from the peak-ALT day to the HAV-test day. The optimal time for repeating the HAV test in clinically suspicious AHA patients with a negative initial HAV test appears to be at least 2 days after the peak-ALT day.
Acute Disease ; Adult ; Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Female ; Hepatitis A/*diagnosis ; Hepatitis A Antibodies/*blood ; Hepatitis A virus/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M/*blood ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colonoscopy training programs and the minimal experience with colonoscopy required to be considered technically competent are not well established. The aim of this study was to determine the colonoscopy learning curves and factors associated with this difficult procedure at a single center. METHODS: A total of 3,243 colonoscopies were performed by 12 first-year gastroenterology fellows, and various clinical factors were assessed prospectively for 22 months. Acquisition of competence (success rate) was evaluated based on two objective criteria: (i) the adjusted completion rate (>90%) and (ii) cecal intubation time (<20 minutes). RESULTS: The overall success rate in reaching the cecum in less than 20 minutes was 72.8%. The cecal intubation time was 9.34+/-4.13 minutes (mean+/-SD). Trainees' skill at performing cecal intubation in <20 minutes reached the requisite standard of competence after 200 procedures. Cecal intubation time decreased significantly from 11.3 to 9.4 minutes after 100 procedures and improved continuously thereafter. Female patients and advanced patient age (over 60 years) were associated with prolonged cecal intubation time (>20 minutes). Surgery of the uterus and ovaries was significantly correlated with delayed cecal intubation time, but not after sufficient colonoscopy experience. CONCLUSIONS: The minimum number of procedures to reach technical competence was 200. The cecal intubation time was longer in female and older patients.
Cecum ; Colonoscopy ; Female ; Gastroenterology ; Humans ; Intubation ; Learning ; Learning Curve ; Mental Competency ; Ovary ; Prospective Studies ; Uterus