No abstract available.

PURPOSE: Small breast cysts, which can be resolved by fine-needle aspiration, are often presented as hypoechoic masses on ultrasound examinations. They can be misinterpreted as benign tumors and cause unnecessary follow-ups or biopsies. The aim of this study was to find out the proportion of atypical breast cysts, which can be resolved by needle aspiration, among hypoechoic masses less than 1 cm in size and to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of a mass and its probability of being cystic. METHODS: Between March 2003 and May 2003, we found and aspirated 119 hypoechoic masses less than 1 cm in size from 104 consecutive patients. RESULTS: Mass size ranged from 2.5 mm to 9.8 mm, with a median size of 5.5 mm. Among the 119 hypoechoic masses, 40 masses (33.6%) were cystic and 79 masses (66.4%) were solid. Among the 40 cystic masses, 37 were completely resolved by needle aspiration, one mass was reduced to half, and the 2 remaining masses were reduced to a third of their sizes. In patients in their 20's, 11.1% of the hypoechoic masses were cystic masses, the ratios for patients in their 30's, 40's, 50's, and 60's were 11.4%, 32.0%, 76.2%, and 75%, respectively (P<0.001). With decreasing internal echo of mass, the likelihood of being a cyst increased (P=0.026). However predicting the probability of being a cyst by the margin, the degree of posterior acoustic enhancement, and the location of the mass was difficult (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Needle aspiration must be considered in small hypoechoic masses not speculated as definite solid masses.
Acoustics ; Biopsy ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Breast Cyst ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Needles ; Ultrasonography ; Ultrasonography, Mammary

Craniometaphyseal dysplasia is a rare genetic bone disorder characterized by cranial hyperostosis, sclerosis, and failure of normal modeling of the tubular bones. Both autosomal dominant and recessive forms have been described. Diagnosis of the craniometaphyseal dysplasia is mode on the basis of characteristic radiographic findings. Radiologic findings are thickening and hyperostosis of the skull, and Erlenmeyer flask deformity of the metaphysis on the long bones. We report a case of the craniometaphyseal dysplasia.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Diagnosis ; Hyperostosis ; Sclerosis ; Skull

Medial meniscal root tears have been repaired using various methods. Arthroscopic all-inside repair using a suture anchor is one of the popular methods. However, insertion of the suture anchor into the proper position at the posterior root of the medial meniscus is technically difficult. Some methods have been reported to facilitate suture anchor insertion through a high posteromedial portal, a posterior trans-septal portal, or a medial quadriceptal portal. Nevertheless, many surgeons still have difficulty during anchor insertion. We introduce a technical tip for easy suture anchor insertion using a 25° curved guide and a soft suture anchor through a routine posteromedial portal.
Menisci, Tibial ; Surgeons ; Suture Anchors* ; Sutures* ; Tears

Purpose: Granular corneal dystrophy type 1 (GCD1) is a genetic disorder characterized by grayish-white granular deposits in the corneal stroma, typically manifesting before age 10. The specific characteristics of GCD1 in the Korea population remain insufficiently described. This study investigated the morphological features of GCD1 corneas with confirmed genetic mutations in this population. Methods: Medical records of GCD1 patients with the R555W mutation confirmed through transforming growth factor β induced (TGFBI) gene testing on oral epithelium or blood samples from 2005-2022, were analyzed. Corneal photographs obtained using a slit lamp biomicroscope were also examined. Results: The study group included 11 males and 19 females with an average age of 35.7 years, ranging from 3-70 years. All participants were heterozygotes. In 28 individuals (56 eyes, representing 93.3% of the total), there were signs of corneal deposit detachments, known as “drop-off”, observed in patients aged 6 years and above. Surface deposits reemerged at the peripheral margin of previous locations and expanded toward the center. The number and shape of opacities significantly changed with age, showing cycles of deposition and shedding. There were variations in the severity of opacities within the same family, particularly with advancing age, and distinct opacities extending into deeper stromal layers. Conclusions This study outlines the morphological characteristics of corneas in Korean GCD1 patients, based on corneal photograph analysis. These findings provide a basis for future comparative studies with GCD2 and may aid rapid clinical diagnosis based on clinical findings, prior to genetic testing confirmation.

Trichoblastic fibroma is a benign trichogenic tumor that has both epithelial and mesenchymal components and exhibits partial follicular induction. We studied 4 cases of trichoblastic fibroma and reviewed their clinical and histologic features. Two tumors were present in the face. The remaining two were in the vulva and perianal area, respectively. The age of the patients ranged from 53 to 68 years, with an average age of 62. All were female. Histologically, the lesions showed a well circumscribed mass, located at dermo-subcutaneous junction in three patients and subcutaneous in one. They demonstrated mesenchymal induction evidenced by hair germ-like structure and perifollicular sheath. There was no connection between the tumor and epidermis. Differentiation toward hair structure led to the formation of the infundibulum through inner root sheath. Trichoblastic fibroma may be confused clinically and/or histologically with basal cell carcinoma. Identification of the mixed epithelial and mesenchymal components, and the absence of epidermal connection and cleft within the stroma are important in differentiating this benign neoplasm from basal cell carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Basal Cell ; Epidermis ; Female ; Fibroma* ; Hair ; Humans ; Vulva

BACKGROUND: The claudins are a family of transmembrane proteins associated with tight junctions and they are critical for maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion in sheets of epithelial cells. However, their role in the progression of cancer remains largely unexplored. The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression patterns of claudin-1 and -4 in benign lesions and invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast, and relationships between the expression of these markers and the clinicopathological characteristics in IDC patients. METHODS: We examined the claudin-1 and -4 protein expressions by performing immunohistochemical stainings in 54 benign lesions and 120 IDCs via the tissue microarray method. We evaluated the correlation between the expression of these markers and the clinicopathological characteristics of IDC. RESULTS: The expressions of claudin-1 (p=0.099) and -4 (p=0.000) were up-regulated in IDCs as compared with benign lesions. The claudin-1 expression correlated with the loss of estrogen receptor (p=0.036) and progesterone receptor (p=0.011). The claudin-4 expression correlated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.043), the nuclear grade (p=0.030), the histologic grade (p=0.007), and the loss of estrogen receptor (p=0.001) and progesterone receptor (p= 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that claudin-1 and -4 may play a significant role in the carcinogenesis of IDC of the breast and these may represent novel markers for this disease.
Breast* ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Ductal* ; Claudin-1* ; Claudin-4 ; Claudins ; Epithelial Cells ; Estrogens ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Tight Junctions

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sonographic features of normal choroid plexus, thushelping avoid misinterpretations such as intraventricular hemorrhage or abnormality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Posterior coronal, parasagittal, and oblique sagittal scans of 400 choroid plexus in normal full-term neonates(100girls, 100 boys) were reviewed with special attention to coronal configuration, glomus patterns,and the shape ofanterior ends. Sonographic features were classified as follows ; tubular(type 1), posterior clubbing(type 2),mid-bulging(type 3), or double choroidal pattern(type 4), as seen on posterior coronal scans; crescent(type1),superior notching(type 2), dorsal bulging(type 3), or inferior notching(type 4), as seen on parasagittal scans;and anterior tapering(type 1) and clubbing shape (type 2) on oblique parasagittal scans. Maximal diameters of thechoroid plexus on posterior coronal scan and the glomus on parasagittal scan were measured. All sonographicmeasurements of normal choroid plexus were statistically analysed according to gender and side. RESULTS: Fourhundred normal choroid plexus were classified as 293 cases(73%) of tubular pattern(type 1), 50 cases(13%) ofposterior bulging(type 2), 44 cases (11%) of mid-bulging(type 3) and 13 cases(3%) of double choroidal pattern(type 4) as seen on posterior coronal scans ; 263 cases(66%) of crescent shape(type 1), 70 cases(17%) of superiornotching (type 2), 38 cases(9%) of dorsal bulging(type 3), and 29 cases(7%) of inferior notching(type 4), as seenon parasagittal scans; and 233 cases(58%) of anterior tapering(type 1) and 167 cases(42%) of anterior clubbing(type 2), as seen on oblique parasagittal scans. Maximal diameters of the choroid plexus on posterior coronal scanwere 7.17 +/-0.12 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]) on the right side and 7.13 +/-0.19mm (95% CI) on the left side,and 8.13 +/-0.24(95% CI) mm on the right and 8.57 +/-0.29mm on the left side glomus on parasagittal scan. There wereno significant statistical differences with regard to gender and side. CONCLUSION: We have observed themorphological variety of the choroid plexus in normal full-term neonates on ultrasonograms and believe that aknowledge of the various sonographic patterns involved can help differentiating normal choroid plexus fromintraventricular hemorrhage or choroidal abnormality.
Brain ; Choroid Plexus* ; Choroid* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Pre-Eclampsia* ; Proteinuria*

Highly cohesive, form-stable cohesive gel implants were introduced in 1993. This resulted in a paradigm shift in breast augmentation surgery. With the introduction of shaped textured implants, surgeon started to think in terms of shape and dimensions rather than volume and cup size. Basically most aspects of such breast augmentations are different. The way of selecting implants is different. Patient preoperative markings, surgical techniques, postoperative recommendations and results also differ. These are not mere new types of implant, but they represent a new concept in breast augmentation surgery. Surgeons who believe that form stable implants behave in the same way as non-form stable implants will tend to plan, select implants and perform surgery in traditional ways. Unfortunately, they are bound to encounter significantly more complications and problems. These implants are recently available in Korea since 2012 and will provide patients and surgeons with the ability of enhanced outcome and results if used properly; however there needs to be a transition from round cohesive gel implant thought process to a more comprehensive approach for the typical Korean plastic surgeon.
Breast ; Breast Implants ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Mammaplasty ; Models, Anatomic ; Silicone Gels