Objective: To understand the cognition and attitudes of men who have sex with men (MSM) towards HIV testing and explore in-depth reasons preventing them from testing. Methods: The function of "opinion" in Blued, a gay geo-social networking application (GSN), was adopted to collect qualitative data of ideas and attitudes towards HIV testing of the users between December 2017 and January 2018. The data was analyzed based on grounded theory approach. Results: 28 269 Blued users participated in the activity and 1 977 posted comments. Four key themes were identified, i.e. no/low risk of contracting HIV, stigmatization of HIV testing, long-term relationship and conventional impediments of HIV testing. Conclusion The cognition and attitudes of the target population derived from the analysis of "opinion" function in Blued, such as the stigmatization of the behavior of HIV testing influencing the attitude of HIV testing, could help researchers build a more accurate detection and promotion strategy instead of a very general intervention on the public.

Objective To study the ages at natural menopause of the women in Jilin Province, and to illustrate its influencing factors among the women in Jilin Province.Methods Through multistage stratified cluster random sampling method,23 050 people aged from 18 to 79 years were drew from nine states(a total of 32 areas)of Jilin province.The data of these residents were collected with the questionnaire and physical examinations by face-to-face interview.The number of selected female sample was 11 098. Finally, 4 881 postmenopausal women were selected.Complex weighted computation was used to estimate the ages at natural menopause.One-way ANOVA was used to compare the ages at natural menopause of the women with different birth years. Multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the influencing factors of the ages at natural menopause. Results The mean and median ages at natural menopause were (49.11±4.19)years and 50.00 years,respectively.There were 4 881 cases of postmenopausal women,among them the women with age at natural menopause<40 years,40 year≤age at natural menopause≤45 years,46 years≤ age at natural menopause≤53 years,age at natural menopause≥54 years and age at natural menopause missing accounted for 2.27%(111 cases),13.17%(643 cases),71.97%(3 513 cases),11.74% (573 cases),and 0.85%(41 cases),respectively.Converted to birth years by age,70-79 years old was 1933-1942 birth years,60-69 years old was 1943-1952 birth years and 57-59 years old was 1953-1955 birth years.The age at natural menopause in Jilin province was statistically significant among the women with different birth years(F=21.178,P<0.001).By SNK-q test among three different birth year groups, the age at natural menopause was different between any two groups among three different birth year groups and the ages at natural menopause of 1953-1955 birth year group,1943-1952 birth year group and 1943-1952 birth year group were 50.38 years,49.51 years and 48.81 years.The age at natural menopause in urban of Jilin province was statistically significant among the women with different birth years(F=16.633,P<0.001).By SNK-q test among three different birth year groups,the age at natural menopause was different between any two groups among three different birth year groups and the ages at natural menopause of 1953-1955 birth year group,1943-1952 birth year group and 1943-1952 birth year group were 50.77 years,49.73 years,and 48.85 years,respectively.The age at natural menopause in rural of Jilin province was statistically significant among the women with different birth years(F=7.400,P=0.001 ). By SNK-q test among three different birth year groups, the age at natural menopause was different between 1953-1955 birth year group and the other two groups and the ages at natural menopause of 1953-1955 birth year group,1943-1952 birth year group and 1943-1952 birth year group were 50.09 years,49.33 years,and 48.74 years,respectively.The multiple linear regression results indicated that BMI and exercise were positively correlated with the age at natural menopause,but smoking and mental health evaluation were negatively.Consumption frequency of vegetables,fruits,bean products,and meat was no correlated with the age at natural menopause.Conclusion The differences of the ages at natural menopause between the women with different birth years are statistically significant in Jilin Province;BMI, smoking, exercise,and mental health are the influencing factors of the age at natural menopause.

Skin injuries always disturb people's normal life, even seriously damage the body health. Thus, it is very necessary to use medical dressings to protect and treat skin wounds. Compared with traditional dressings, novel biological dressings develop more rapidly and their application scope is gradually expanding. Collagen is a natural biological material that can promote wound healing and it also has unique functional advantages in care and treatment. At present, collagen-based medical dressings has become one of the preferred choices to assist wound healing. The authors summarize the source, functional advantages and product classification of collagen-based dressings, and introduce the characteristics and applications of various collagen-based dressings, to provides a reference for further research of the collagen-based wound dressings.

OBJECTIVETo study the serological characteristics and molecular mechanism for a rare Pk phenotype of the P1Pk blood group system.

METHODSThe blood group of the proband was identified by serological techniques. The coding region and flanking intronic sequences of the β-1,3-N-acetylgalactosyltransferase gene (B3GALANT1) associated with the Pk phenotype were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing.

RESULTSThe proband was identified as having a rare Pk phenotype including anti-P in her serum. The blood group of her daughter and husband showed a P2 phenotype. The nucleotide sequences of the B3GALANT1 gene of her husband and two randomly-chosen individuals were the same as the reference sequence (GenBank AB050855). Nucleotide position 433 C>T homozygous mutation in the B3GALANT1 was found in the proband, which has resulted in a stop codon at amino acid position 145, which may produce a premature protein capable of decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the β -1,3-N-acetylgalactosyltransferase. The nucleotide position 433 C/T heterozygous in the B3GALANT1 was found in her daughter.

CONCLUSIONThe Pk phenotype resulted from 433 C>T mutation in the B3GALANT1 gene has been identified.

ABO Blood-Group System ; genetics ; Adult ; Base Sequence ; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases ; genetics ; Pedigree ; Phenotype ; Point Mutation

OBJECTIVETo explore the molecular basis for an individual with rare p phenotype in the P1Pk blood group system.

METHODSErythrocyte blood group antigens and antibodies in serum were identified in the proband and five family members with a serological method. Coding regions and flanking untranslated regions of the α1,4-galactosyltransferase gene (A4GALT) encoding P1Pk antigens were amplified with polymerase chain reaction and directly sequenced. The haplotypes of A4GALT in the parents of the proband were also analyzed by cloning sequencing.

RESULTSThe proband was found with a rare p phenotype with anti-Tja antibody in his serum by serological method. The other family members all had a common P2 phenotype. The results of DNA sequencing showed that a cytosine was inserted at nucleotide position 1026 to 1029 (1026_1029insC) of both alleles of the A4GALT gene in the proband. The mutation has caused a reading frame shift and formed a mutant protein by extending 92 amino acid residues. The other family members were either heterozygous for the insertion or of the wild type at above position.

CONCLUSIONThe 1026_1029insC mutation of the A4GALT gene is probably responsible for the p phenotype identified for the first time in Chinese population. The individual with the p phenotype possesses anti-Tja antibody.

ABO Blood-Group System ; genetics ; Adult ; Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; Galactosyltransferases ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Pedigree ; Phenotype ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To identify potential mutations of the CLS gene in a Chinese pedigree affected with Coffin-Lowry syndrome. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing was applied to detect potential mutation in the proband, and the result was verified by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: The proband was found to carry a c.966_967delAA (p.Arg323Thr fs*11) deletional mutation in the RPS6KA3 gene. The same mutation was also found in his mother. CONCLUSION The c.966_967delAA (p.Arg323Thr fs*11) deletional mutation of the RPS6KA3 gene probably underlies the disorder in this pedigree.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Coffin-Lowry Syndrome ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa ; genetics ; Sequence Deletion

OBJECTIVETo analyze specific expression of blood group genes using nucleated erythroid cells cultured from un-mobilized peripheral stem cells in vitro.

METHODSHematopoietic stem cells(HSC) bearing the CD34 antigen were isolated from peripheral blood by centrifugation and magnetic beads sorting, followed by suspension culture in vitro. Cells were collected from medium on various stages and analyzed by immunofluorescence. The RNA transcription of RH and ABO blood group genes was analyzed using culture cells on day 12.

RESULTSA total of(3.19±0.13) ×10 (4) CD34+cells were isolated from about 50 mL peripheral blood with a recovery rate of 67.3%±2.7%. The cells amount in erythroid-lineage culture system on day 9 reached a plateau of a 237.1±15.5-fold amplification of the initial cell input. The stem cell-specific CD34 antigen was dropped off, while the erythroid-specific CD235a and CD240D antigens were increased in culture period. RHD/CE and ABO genes can be amplified using RNA extracted from culture cells on day 12, and genotypes of Rh and ABO systems by DNA sequencing were consistent with their serologic phenotypes.

CONCLUSIONA method was established to analyze the gene expression of erythroid blood group derived from un-mobilized peripheral stem cells cultured in vitro. It can be used to study the expression of various erythroid-specific genes.

Antigens, CD34 ; analysis ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Blood Group Antigens ; analysis ; genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Erythrocytes ; cytology ; Flow Cytometry ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; cytology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data

The individual with the deficiency of CD36 antigen on platelet displayed the risk of anti-CD36 immune reaction induced by transfusion, which is one of the reasons for platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR). This study was purposed to detect the expression level of CD36 antigen on platelet by flow cytometry among apheresis platelet donors of Hangzhou area, and the frequency of CD36 deficiency was analyzed. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was separated from fresh anticoagulant whole blood by centrifugation, then the platelets were washed and adjusted to 1×10(6). The platelets were incubated with FITC-labeled CD36 and PE-labeled CD41 monoclonal antibodies, then the expression level of CD36 was detected by flow cytometry. The CD36 expression on monocytes for the samples of CD36-deficiency on the platelets was further analyzed. The results showed that 7 samples with CD36 antigen deficiency were found in 192 apheresis platelet donors. The frequency of CD36 deficiency was 3.6% and all of them were typeII deficiency. The significant difference of CD36 antigen expression was observed in the platelet donors of Hangzhou population, among them 59 individuals with low expressed CD36 antigen and 126 individuals with highly expressed CD36 antigen were found according to the geometric mean fluorescence intensity. It is concluded that the CD36 antigen deficient phenotype existed in the population, these data will provide the information for research of the CD36 antigen distribution and help to solve the platelet transfusion refractoriness.
Blood Platelet Disorders ; diagnosis ; Blood Platelets ; metabolism ; CD36 Antigens ; metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; methods ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; diagnosis ; Humans

Objective:To explore the application value of artificial intelligence (AI) model based on deep learning in breast nodules classification of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System of ultrasound (BI-RADS-US).Methods:The ultrasound images of 2 426 breast nodules from 1 558 female patients with breast diseases at Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University between December 2006 and December 2019 were collected . The image data sets were divided into training (63%), verification (7%), and test (30%) subsets for the construction of AI model. The diagnostic efficiencies of AI model, doctors' arbitration results and doctors' diagnosis with or without AI model assistance were analyzed by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The Cohen weighted Kappa statistic was used to compare the consistency of BI-RADS-US classification among 5 ultrasound doctors' diagnosis with or without AI model assistance. And the changes of BI-RADS-US classification were analyzed before and after each doctor adopted AI model assistance.Results:The differences in diagnostic efficiencies of AI model, doctors' arbitration results and doctors' diagnosis with or without AI model assistance were statistically significant (all P > 0.05). The consistency among 5 ultrasound doctors was improved due to AI model assistance and Kappa value was increased from 0.433 (category 3), 0.600 (category 4a), 0.614 (category 4b), 0.570 (category 4c) and 0.495 (category 5) to 0.812, 0.704, 0.823, 0.690 and 0.509 (all P < 0.05), respectively. The upgrade and downgrade of BI-RADS-US classification occurred in 5 doctors after the classification of AI model assistance. Downgrade from category 4 to 3 in benign nodules of 56.6% (47/76) and upgrade from category 4 to 5 in malignant nodules of 69.4% (34/49) were mostly observed. Conclusions:AI-assisted BI-RADS-US classification can effectively improve the consistency of classification among the doctors without reducing the diagnostic efficiency. AI model shows clinical values in reducing unnecessary biopsy of partial benign lesions and increasing diagnostic accuracy of partial malignant lesions through the adjustment of breast nodule classification.

Homocysteine participates in the methionine cycle in the body and is excreted by the kidneys. Its abnormal elevation increases the risk of cerebrovascular disease. Studies in recent years have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia is closely related to cerebral small vessel diseases and is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke and cognitive impairment. Because hyperhomocysteinemia is largely reversible, the significance of drug intervention in the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular disease has gradually been confirmed. This article reviews the relationship between homocysteine and cerebral small vessel diseases in order to provide a reference for the prevention of stroke and dementia.