To access the effects of trabeculectomy or medical treatment on automated visual field progression in glaucoma, a retrospective automated visual field data were obtained for those who underwent six Humphrey C30-2 field tests over at least 4 years. The first field data was excluded. Linear regression was performed with respect to mean deviation[MD], corrected pattern standard deviation[CPSD], and mean thresholds of Glaucoma Hemifield test[GHT]. Subjects were classified as progressive or stable based on the slope and statistical significance. There were 19 persons[25eyes]in surgery group and 16 persons [27eyes]in medication group. The levels of IOP in all subjects were maintained under 21 mms of mercury during all follow-up periods. There was no difference in mean postoperative IOP between both groups[p>0.05]. There were no significant dif-ferences in numbers of aggravation respect to MD, CPSD, and GHT between two groups of surgery and medication[p>0.01]. There was no differnce in the visual field outcome between two groups of surgery and medication with same level of IOP.
Filtering Surgery ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Trabeculectomy* ; Visual Fields*

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate high school students' sugar intake behaviors, the status of consuming sugary processed foods, the awareness of sugar, and the experience and interest in sugar-related education based on the level of sugar-related nutrition knowledge. METHODS: In this study, five high schools were selected in Seoul, Korea, and a survey was conducted in 400 students on the level of sugar-related nutrition knowledge and sugar intake status. A total of 349 questionnaires were used for the final analysis. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics was performed; a t-test, χ2 test, and Friedman test were used for comparative analysis. RESULTS: The study results showed a positive association between the knowledge level of sugar and the appropriate sugar intake behavior and sugary food choices. The group with more nutrition knowledge on sugar was found to have good eating habits and to eat less sugary food. The main sources of sugar were beverages, confectionary, and bakery goods in the corresponding order, irrespective of the level of nutrition knowledge related to sugar. A significant difference was found in the groups' awareness of the sugar content of the drinks with 89.4% for the higher-knowledge group, and only 81.5% for the lower-knowledge group (p < 0.05). Results also showed that 43.9% of the higher-knowledge group and 36.4% of the lower knowledge group were interested in participating in education on sugar. CONCLUSIONS: This study result indicated the need to help adolescents to avoid excessive sugar intake from only certain favorite foods. Therefore, it is necessary to seek a systematic foundation for participatory education in order for them to maintain a low sugar intake in daily life and lead healthy eating habits by increasing their level of sugar-related information and knowledge.
Adolescent ; Beverages ; Eating ; Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Seoul*

PURPOSE: The clinical characteristics and neuropsychological tests of orthostatic hypotension (OH) and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) in children were compared. METHODS: From August 2011 to April 2015, we enrolled patients who visited hospital with dizziness or syncope. According to the results of head-up tilt test (HUTT), the patients were classified into 4 groups; OH group, POTS group, normal group I who had no orthostatic symptom during HUTT, and normal group II who had orthostatic symptom during HUTT. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients were enrolled with 11(12.5%) in OH group, 13(14.7%) in POTS group, 49(55.7%) in normal group I and 15(17.0%) in the normal group II. During HUTT, the temporal changes of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure of OH group were significantly different from those of POTS group, normal group I, and normal group II. Heart rate changes after tilt showed increase trend in all 4 groups and there was no significant different between OH and POTS group. In normal group II, the temporal changes of diastolic and mean blood pressure were similar to those in POTS group and were significantly different from normal group I. In the autonomic nervous system test, the heart rate response to deep breathing (HRDB) was significantly different between normal group I and II CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric OH patients, heart rate may be increased with blood pressure fall. And if orthostatic symptoms are associated with HUTT, we should not exclude OI even if the test result do not meet the criteria for diagnosis.
Autonomic Nervous System ; Blood Pressure ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Dizziness ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypotension, Orthostatic* ; Neurophysiology* ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome* ; Respiration ; Syncope

There are several diseases characterized by neurologic abnormalities and renal disease. Joubert syndrome is one of them. Joubert syndrome is a relatively rare autosomal recessive syndrome. The most significant and constant neurologic finding is hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis. Joubert syndrome is associated with hypotonia, retinal dystrophy, abnormal eye movement, delayed development, abnormal respiratory pattern (neonatal episodic tachypnea or apnea) and nephronophthisis. We report a boy with Joubert syndrome associated with nephrocalcinosis and agenesis of the cerebellar vermis. This patient had also abnormal eye movement, hypotonia, abnormal respiratory pattern, delayed development and chronic renal failure.
Eye Movements ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Male ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Nephrocalcinosis* ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Retinal Dystrophies ; Tachypnea

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infection(UTI) is the most common bacterial infectious disease that may induce severe renal injury unless early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are performed. If recurrent UTI is prevented, renal injury can be also reduced. Therefore, we studied the risk factors of recurrent UTI in children. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 168 children(58 girls and 110 boys) who were treated for UTI in the Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Medical Center, during 2000-2001. Among 168 children, 93 children were followed up for more than six months. For the detection of recurrence of UTI, we performed monthly routine urine cultures and physical examinations. RESULTS: The total rate of recurrence was 32.3%. The recurrent rate in boys and girls were 37.1% and 17.4%, respectively(P<0.05). The most common causative bacteria in the first onset and in recurrence were Escherichia coli. There was a significant difference in the onset age of UTI between boys with recurrence(4.8+/-1.0 months) and without recurrence(16.5+/-3.8 months)(P<0.01). In 77% of cases, urinary tract infection recurred within six months of the first infection. The time of the first recurrence after UTI was 3.7+/-0.6 months in boys and 14+/-8.2 months in girls(P<0.01). The number of recurrences showed a significant difference between the group under the age of one year(0.69+/-0.8/year) and those above the age of one year(0.16+/-0.4/year)(P<0.05). There was no difference in the recurrent rate between those with structural abnormality and those with normal anatomy. CONCLUSION: Monthly routine urine cultures are efficient in detecting recurrent UTI in children. Because the male sex and young age especially less than one year of age are risk factors for increased recurrence rate of UTI, these children should be followed-up with urine cultures.
Academic Medical Centers ; Age of Onset ; Bacteria ; Child ; Communicable Diseases ; Early Diagnosis ; Escherichia coli ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Pediatrics ; Physical Examination ; Recurrence* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

Chronic sclerosing dacryoadenitis is a rare and under-recognized chronic inflammatory disease of the lacrimal gland. We describe 2 patients with a localized type of chronic sclerosing dacryoadenitis. Both patients presented with a slowly growing painless mass of the eyelid mimicking a tumorous lesion. The morphologic findings of the masses excised under the clinical diagnosis of lymphoma closely recapitulate those of chronic sclerosing sialadenitis (Kuttner tumor). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated an increased population of IgG4-positive plasma cells confirming that this disease also belongs to the spectrum of a recently described IgG4-related sclerosing disease.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate risk factors of the first year relapse in children with nephrotic syndrome(NS) without the need for biopsy. METHODS: We reviewed, retrospectively, 78 children diagnosed with steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome between July 1997 and June 2002. Median years to follow up were 4.4 years(range: 1-5 years). We divided the patients into two groups(group I: primary responders with no relapse or with only two relapses in the first year after initial response; group II: initial steroid responders with three or more relapses within the first year). We retrospectively reviewed and compared variables - sex, onset age, serum albumin, serum cholesterol, 24 hours urinary protein, creatinine clearance(Ccr), presence of hematuria and hypertension(HTN), and days from initial attack to remission. RESULTS: Of 78 patients(male: 61(78.2%), female: 17(21.8%), age range 1.1 years to 14 years, median 5.1+/-3.0 years), 47(60.3%) were in group I and 31(39.7%) were in group II. There were no statistically significant differences in sex, serum albumin, serum cholesterol, 24 hours urinary protein, Ccr, presence of hematuria or HTN. The median age of onset showed no statistical difference between the two groups. However, if the patients are dividing into two groups according to the age of onset of three-years, patients theree yrs old or less fit into group II, as opposed to patients older than three yrs in age(63.2% vs. 32.2%, P<0.05). The days from initial attack to remission was longer in group II(12.9+/-0.5 vs. 16.2+/-1.1, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We may conclude that the age of onset of three yrs old or less, and the longer time remission to initial steroid therapy, are risk factors of the first year relapse.
Age of Onset ; Biopsy ; Child* ; Cholesterol ; Creatinine ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Nephrotic Syndrome* ; Recurrence* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Serum Albumin

Pendipronil(R) overdose is uncommon in Korea. Pendipronil(R) is a selective herbicide used to control most annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in field corn, potatoes, rice, etc. and is the substance including pendimethalin and propanil. Pendimethalin is slightly to practically nontoxic by ingestion but may be mildly to moderately irritating to the linings of the mouth, nose, throat, and lungs. Propanil toxicity is evidenced by varying clinical pictures ranging from deep cyanosis in an otherwise alert normal appearing individual to restlessness, dyspnea, extensive hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, sulfhemoglobinemia and serious central nervous system dysfunction. For the treatment of methemoglobinemia, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, methylene blue and exchange transfusion should be used. We experienced a case of acute massive Pendipronil(R) intoxication in 31 years old woman due to voluntary ingestion of 48g of this drug as a suicide attempt. A moderate methemoglobinemia developed, accompanied by drowsy mental status, nausea, vomiting, headache, intensive cyanosis. The patient recovered completely after intravenous methylene blue injection and cellulose coated hemoperfusion charcoal (Adsorba 300C(R)) and conservative treatment.
Adult ; Anemia, Hemolytic ; Cellulose ; Central Nervous System ; Charcoal ; Cyanosis ; Dyspnea ; Eating ; Female ; Gastric Lavage ; Headache ; Hemoperfusion* ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung ; Methemoglobinemia ; Methylene Blue* ; Mouth ; Nausea ; Nose ; Pharynx ; Poaceae ; Poisoning* ; Propanil ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Solanum tuberosum ; Suicide ; Sulfhemoglobinemia ; Vomiting ; Zea mays

Objective: Studies on gait and autonomic dysfunction have been insufficient so far, particularly de novo Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of this study was to identify the association between gait dynamics and autonomic dysfunction in patients with de novo PD. Methods: A total 38 patients with de novo PD were retrospectively included in this study. Details of patients’ dysautonomia were assessed using the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic Dysfunction (SCOPA-AUT). For assessment of gait, a computerized gait analysis was performed using the GAITRite system for forward gait and backward gait. High SCOPA-AUT score (PD-HSAS) group and low SCOPA-AUT score (PD-LSAS) group were identified according to their SCOPA-AUT scores. Results: Nineteen (50%) patients with high SCOPA-AUT scores above median value (12.5) were assigned into the PD-HSAS group and others were assigned to the PD-LSAS group. Compared with the PD-LSAS group, the PD-HSAS group exhibited slower gait, shorter stride, decreased cadence, increased double support phase, decreased swing phase, and increased variability in swing time. Total SCOPA-AUT score showed significantly positive correlations with gait variability and instability but a negative correlation with gait hypokinesia. In subdomain analysis, urinary dysautonomia was highly associated with impairment of gait dynamics. All significant results were found to be more remarkable in backward gait than in forward gait. Conclusion Our findings suggest that alteration in gait dynamics, especially backward gait, is highly associated with autonomic dysfunction in patients with de novo PD.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of gait training with rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) on both kinematic and temporospatial gait patterns in patients with hemiplegia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen hemiplegic patients diagnosed with either cerebral palsy or stroke participated in this study. All participants underwent the 4-week gait training with RAS. The treatment was performed for 30 minutes per each session, three sessions per week. RAS was provided with rhythmic beats using a chord progression on a keyboard. Kinematic and temporospatial data were collected and analyzed using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. RESULTS: Gait training with RAS significantly improved both proximal and distal joint kinematic patterns in hip adduction, knee flexion, and ankle plantar flexion, enhancing the gait deviation index (GDI) as well as ameliorating temporal asymmetry of the stance and swing phases in patients with hemiplegia. Stroke patients with previous walking experience demonstrated significant kinematic improvement in knee flexion in mid-swing and ankle dorsiflexion in terminal stance. Among stroke patients, subacute patients showed a significantly increased GDI score compared with chronic patients. In addition, household ambulators showed a significant effect on reducing anterior tilt of the pelvis with an enhanced GDI score, while community ambulators significantly increased knee flexion in mid-swing phase and ankle dorsiflexion in terminal stance phase. CONCLUSION: Gait training with RAS has beneficial effects on both kinematic and temporospatial patterns in patients with hemiplegia, providing not only clinical implications of locomotor rehabilitation with goal-oriented external feedback using RAS but also differential effects according to ambulatory function.
Acoustic Stimulation/*methods ; Aged ; Ankle Joint/physiopathology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cerebral Palsy/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Female ; Foot Joints/physiopathology ; *Gait ; Gait Disorders, Neurologic/etiology/physiopathology/*rehabilitation ; Hemiplegia ; Humans ; Knee/physiopathology ; Knee Joint/physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stroke/*diagnosis/physiopathology