This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics of public health nutritionists, the current status of nutrition services operation, the recognition about nutrition services of public health center related man power, the job satisfaction and self-assessment and the need for a retraining course of public health nutritionists. The subjects were 58 public health nutritionists who responded to the questionnaire distributed at the annual retraining program in 1998. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1) 46.5% of the nutritonists were 26-30 years old, 62.1% were 4 year university graduates 74.1% were food and nutriton majors and 51.7% were daily workers. 2) Among the public health center-related manpower, the recognition about nutrition services was the highest for the manager of family health section, followed by the head of public health centers, and then the general nurse in public health centers. 3) The ranking of the reasons for job satisfaction of the public health nutritionists was, relationship with colleagues(3.84), inhabitants response after nutrition counselling(3.53), specialized value realization/conviction about duty(3.35), contents of the work(3.10), value achievement(3.08), self achievement/development(3.00), self discretion(2.92), participation in policy decisions(2.90), work load(2.75), chance of retraining and acquistion of new information(2.73), working environment(2.69), supervision/support by superiors(2.67), salary(2.38), supply of necessary education material, technique(2.37), and budget security(2.22). 4) The satisfaction of the inhibitant's responses after nutrition counseling was the highest among the 4 year university graduates(p<0.05), the satisfaction of the specialized value realization/conviction about duty was the highest among the nutritionists 26-30 years old(p<0.05). Food and nutrition majors(p<0.05) and those having worked less than 3-5years at public health centers also showed much satisfaction(p<0.05). Satisfaction with the salary was the lowest among the food and nutrition majors(p<0.01) and daily workers(p<0.001). The satisfaction with the participation in policy decisions was the lowest among the daily workers(p<0.01). 5) The ranking for the level of self-assessment were, nutrition and dietetic practice(2.92), communication(2.80), management(2.77), public health science and practice(2.66)(p<0.01). The general characteristics such as the level of education, major, employment condition, current public health center's tenure, and charge experience of the nutrition guidance work were not significantly related to self-assessment except the management part(p<0.05). The higher the satisfaction of specialized value realization/conviction about the duty, the better the total score on the self-assessment(p<0.05).
Budgets ; Counseling ; Education ; Employment ; Family Health ; Head ; Job Satisfaction* ; Nutritionists* ; Public Health* ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Self-Assessment* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: To define an appropriate vitrification condition of preantral follicle that yields high survival and to evaluate growth and ovulation rate of mouse follicles during in vitro culture after vitrification. METHODS: Preantral follicles were isolated mechanically from mouse ovaries that were surgically recovered from mice aged 14 days. Retrieved preantral follicles were placed in EG (Ethylene Glycol) for 2, 5, 10 minutes and transferred to EFS-40 (40% EG, 18% Ficoll-70, 0.5 M sucrose) for 0.5, 1, 2 minutes. And then, preantral follicles were placed onto an EM grid and submerged immediately in liquid nitrogen. Thawing was carried out at room temperature. After defining the most appropriate vitrification condition that yields high survival, in vitro growth and ovulation rate of follicles were evaluated. RESULTS: Appropriate vitrification condition that yield high survival rate (83.2+/-2.1%) of preantral follicle was EG for 5 minutes and EFS-40 for 0.5 minutes. In vitro survival rate of the vitrified preantral follicles were 85.5+/-0.5%, 67.9+/-0.8% and 40.2+/-0.5% on day 2, 6 and 10. And in vitro growth of the vitrified preantral follicles were 107.1+/-16.1 micrometer, 117.1+/-18.4 micrometer, 178.4+/-45.6 micrometer and 325.4+/-54.4 micrometer on day 0, 2, 6 and 10. Although in vitro survival rate and growth of vitrified preantral follicles were lower than that of non-vitrified preantral follicles, the patterns of survival and growth were similar in vitrified and non-vitrified preantral follicles. The ovulation rate of antral follicles that was grown from vitrified preantral follicles was 32.6+/-1.2%. CONCLUSION: Vitrified preantral follicles could be grown to antral sizes, and mature oocytes that can be used for IVF-ET programs were produced successfully. These data suggest that cryopreservation of preantral follicle by vitrification can be used for the preservation of the fertility.
Animals ; Cryopreservation ; Female ; Fertility ; Mice* ; Nitrogen ; Oocytes ; Ovary ; Ovulation* ; Survival Rate ; Vitrification*

PURPOSE: This study attempted to identify differences in elders' health status, quality of life, and satisfaction with customized home visiting health service depending on connection to volunteerism. METHODS: A total of 400 subjects participated in this research. Data were collected from May to August of 2009 and the measurement tool used for this study was the house visiting health service recording sheet recommended by the Ministry of Health. RESULTS: According to the results of this research on elders' health status in customized home visiting health service depending on connection to volunteerism, elders connected to volunteerism positively showed a high level in functional health status areas such as daily life performance ability, instrumental daily life performance ability and Joint exercise capacity, and in the quality of life area. CONCLUSION: The results of this study can be utilized as complementary information when resources and networks are used for the effective management of house visiting health service subjects.
Health Services* ; House Calls* ; Joints ; Quality of Life* ; Volunteers*

No abstract available.
Acne Vulgaris* ; Hair Removal* ; Pigmentation Disorders*

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord ischemia initiates a deleterious cascade of biochemical events that ultimately result in an increased intracellular calcium concentration. Many papers have been published on this topic but without a clear consensus on the best way of minimizing the problem. For the further study of preventing neurological injury after spinal ischemia, the proper animal model is necessary. In this study we compared spinal ischemia time on neurologic and histopathologic outcome, and inflammatory gene expression in transient spinal ischemia. METHODS: Rats were anesthetized with halothane, and divided into 4 groups:12.5 minutes of spinal ischemia (Group 1), 15 minutes of spinal ischemia (Group 2), 17.5 minutes of spinal ischemia (Group 3), and 20 minutes of spinal ischemia (Group 4). Spinal ischemia was produced by both induced hypotension and thoracic aortic cross clamping. After spinal ischemia neurologic scores were assessed after 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours. After 24 hours, rats were euthanized and spinal cords were removed for histopathologic assessment and an assay of TNF-alpha and IL-1 mRNA. RESULTS: The neurologic scores worsened according to the ischemia time. The histopathologic scores correlated well with the neurologic scores. The TNF-alpha and IL-1 mRNA expression results of group 2 were larger than those of group 1. There were no significant differences between group 2, group 3, and group 4. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory gene expressions are increased during transient spinal ischemia. After 15 minutes of ischemia, no further increase of mRNA expression was shown. The 15 minutes of spinal ischemia was sufficient for the spinal ischemic study in rats.
Animals ; Calcium ; Consensus ; Constriction ; Gene Expression ; Halothane ; Hypotension ; Interleukin-1 ; Ischemia* ; Models, Animal ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger* ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Cord Ischemia ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The purposes of this study were to investigate the perception and needs of community nutrition programs for 379 community residents of 23 health centers where the pilot community nutrition programs are intervening. The awareness rate of the nutrition programs was 54.3% and the reason of the awareness was mainly happened to know when visiting health centers'. More than 90% of the respondents responded that public health nutrition services are necessary. But the residents who experienced the nutrition services showed higher needs of the programs(97.3%) and improved the impression about the roles of health centers(93.6%). They also showed a higher rate of balanced dieting, stronger intentions to change their inappropriate eating style and a higher practicing rate. The more they believed in the provided nutrition information, the more they showed concerns about their diet and practicing rate of the advices from nutritionists. These results show the positive and successful impact of the pilot nutrition programs on the community residents. We need strategies for a more active improvement of the programs and to maintain more qualified public health nutritionists to carry out targeted community nutrition programs.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diet ; Eating ; Intention ; Nutritionists ; Public Health

No abstract available.
Adenoma, Liver Cell/*diagnosis/etiology/surgery ; Glycogen Storage Disease/complications/*diagnosis ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/*diagnosis/etiology/surgery ; Male ; Tumor Markers, Biological ; Young Adult

Chronic bronchiolitis is a condition associated with cigarette smoking, and later associated with pulmonary parenchymal alteration and progressive deterioration of lung function. Early respiratory bronchiolitis was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats by indirect inhalation of cigarette smoke daily in a smoke exposure chamber designed by authors for 1 month. Experimental group A (n=5) was sacrificed after having smoked 30 cigarettes, group B (n=5) after 80 cigarette, and group C (n=7) after 140 cigarettes, respectively. Examination of morphologic changes in the lungs was done on light microscope, transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Light microscopically, increase in number of goblet cells in the bronchial mucosa, brown-pigmented macrophages in the alveoli, multifocal alveolar collapse adjacent to the bronchioles, dilatation of alveolar ducts and alveolar spaces were observed. Transmission electron microscopically, irregularly shaped Clara cells, alveolar wall collapse, and focally type I epithelial cell injury were seen. Scanning electron microscopically, scattered alveolar collapse, irregular dilatation of alveolar ducts, alveolar spaces and interalveolar pores (pores of Kohn) were seen. The terminal and respiratory bronchioles showed morphological alteration of Clara cells, but no evidence of cellular bronchiolitis or bronchiolar obstruction. We conclude that sidestream smoke induces an early respiratory bronchiolitis including aggregates of brown pigmented macrophages and varying degrees of structural alteration of adjacent pulmonary parenchyma.
Bronchioles ; Bronchiolitis ; Dilatation ; Epithelial Cells ; Goblet Cells ; Inhalation ; Lung ; Macrophages ; Mucous Membrane ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Smoke* ; Smoking ; Tobacco Products*

BACKGROUND: The catalytic subunit of telomerase, hTERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase), is one of the most important components of telomerase, and performs a pivotal role in the mechanism underlying the regulation of telomerase activity in cellular immortalization and carcinogenesis. The principal objective of this study was to investigate hTERT expression in patients with non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs), and to evaluate its clinical significance and association with the expression of p16 and p53. METHODS: Using tissue microarray, the protein expression profiles of hTERT, p16 and p53 were investigated via immunohistochemistry in 167 samples of NSCLCs. RESULTS: Expression was observed in 54.5% (91/167) of the tumors, which were predominantly squamous cell carcinomas. Patients evidencing hTERT expression in their tumors exhibited significantly poorer survival rates than did patients without hTERT expression in early-stage NSCLCs (p=0.0125). According to the results of our Cox regression analysis, hTERT expression proved to be an independent prognostic factor (p=0.006), particularly for squamous cell carcinomas (p=0.019). hTERT expression was not correlated with p16 expression, but was rather associated with the expression of p53 (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that hTERT may perform a function in the progression of NSCLC, and that its detection may be useful in predicting the prognosis of NSCLC patients in the early stages of the disease, as well as in the development of a targeted therapy in these tumors.
Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Catalytic Domain ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung* ; Prognosis ; Survival Rate ; Telomerase*

BACKGROUND: Lymph node tuberculosis (LN-TB), the most common extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, frequently shows a paradoxical response (PR) during treatment. Differential diagnosis between PR and treatment failure in LN-TB is a challenging task because drug susceptibility test (DST) is rarely performed and can be delayed due to low culture yield and a long process. The rpoB gene mutation analysis is a rapid method for detection of rifampin resistance, however, its clinical usefulness has not yet been evaluated in LN-TB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DNA extracts from LN with Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction (MTB-PCR) positive were gathered and direct sequencing of rpoB gene was performed. A retrospective review of clinical and microbiologic data was performed. To evaluate the clinical usefulness of rpoB gene analysis in LN-TB, the change to a second line anti-tuberculosis regimen was used due to insufficient rifampin DST data. RESULTS: A total of 21 DNA extracts from 25 LN-TB patients were enrolled. Three rpoB mutations (Asp516Tyr, Ser522Leu, and Ser522Ala) were observed; the Asp516Tyr mutation showed rifampin resistance, however, the DST data were not available for the other two mutations. Compared with the change to the second line regimen, the sensitivity and specificity of rpoB gene mutation anaysis were 50% and 94.4%, respectively, in 20 available cases. Compared with the change to the second line regimen, the sensitivity and specificity of the rpoB gene mutation anaysis were 100% and 100%, respectively, in nine available cases with PR. CONCLUSIONS: Despite development of PR, keeping the first line regimen in LN-TB cases without rpoB gene mutations may be recommended. Conduct of a prospective, well designed, further study with a larger scale is warranted.
Diagnosis, Differential ; DNA ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Retrospective Studies ; Rifampin ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sequence Analysis ; Treatment Failure ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node