No abstract available.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation*

Mothers with cerebral palsy children have much stress that is related to the care of children with cerebral palsy and to other household duties, and this state of the mother has an effect on the cerebral palsy child and on other household member. Mothers in such stressful situations use various coping patterns. The purpose of this study was as follows : to develop instruments that can be used for measuring the stress and coping patterns of mothers with cerebral palsy children, and to test a hypothetical model on the relationship between the mother's stress, her coping patterns and the variable affecting the stress and coping patterns. The result of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. The stress scale was composed of 44 items and Cronbach's alpha was .94, and the coping pattern scale was composed of 19 items and Cronbach's alpha was .80. The mean score of stress scale was 136.12 out of a total of 220, and the mean score of the coping scale was 72.87 in a total of 95. 2. In test of the hypothetical model, it was found that extra-care demand, the support of the husband, the degree of handicap, health status and self-esteem had statistically significant influence on the mother's stress(r=.285,-.262,-.133,-.126). And the support of the husband, formal support, informal support, and economic status were found to have statistically significant influence on the mother's coping patterns(r=.412, .178, .178, .138).
Cerebral Palsy* ; Child* ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Spouses ; Child Health

Korean student nurses may be exposed to stress caused by their future employment (employment stress). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a Laughter Program on psychological stress, by assessing salivary cortisol and the subjective happiness of student nurses in order to relieve employment stress.

No abstract available.
Spine*

BACKGROUND: Epidurally administered clonidine represents an approach to control the pain after cesarean section that produces analgesia by an alpha 2-adrenergic mechanism and may provide postoperative analgesia without nausea, pruritus, and respiratory depression associated with systemic or intraspinal opioid administration. This study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic effect according to the dose of appropriate bolus and the combination of epidural morphine and clonidine after cesarean section. METHOD: Forty five women, ASA physical status 1 or 2, scheduled for elective cesarean section were randomly assigned to receive epidural administration for postoperative pain control. Group A (n=15) received 1 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 150 g clonidine. Group B received 2 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 300 g clonidine. Group C received 3 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 450 g clonidine. Each combination of drug was injected at Bromage scale 1 after surgery. RESULTS: All groups showed relatively stable hemodynamic status. Analgesic effect was significantly better in Group B and C than Group A (p<0.05). Sedative effect was not a problem in all groups. The incidence of side effects in Group C was more than Group B, which than Group A, but almost cases did not require treatment. CONCLUSION: 2 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 300 g clonidine with excellent analgesic effect and less side effects is considered as adequate dose in postoperative pain control after cesarean section with epidural anesthesia.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Cesarean Section* ; Clonidine* ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Incidence ; Morphine* ; Nausea ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pregnancy ; Pruritus ; Respiratory Insufficiency

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to show the effect of walking exercise on physiological index, physical fitness, self-esteem. depression. and life satisfaction in institutionalized elderly women aged over 70. SAMPLE AND METHOD: Data were collected from subjects who consented to participate in this program for eight weeks from the 2nd of July to the 27th of August 2005. The subjects were divided into two groups, 26 subjects in the experimental group who had walking exercise and 30 in the control group who did not have walking exercise. The intensity of the walking exercise allowed 50-65% of the maximum heartbeat. RESULTS: The results of the experiment supported the hypothesis that the experimental group would have higher flexibility, left grip strength, sense of equilibrium, self-esteem and life satisfaction and lower depression than the control group. CONCLUSION: Walking exercise has the effect of decreasing diastolic blood pressure together with improvement in flexibility, left grip strength, sense of equilibrium, self-esteem, depression and life satisfaction for institutionalized elderly women aged over 70. According to the results presented above, walking exercise can be strongly recommended for improving the health of institutionalized elderly women.
Aged* ; Blood Pressure ; Depression* ; Female ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Physical Fitness* ; Pliability ; Self Concept* ; Walking*

Restoration of anteroposterior projection of the zygomatic body and facial width are key elements in treatment of complex zygomatic fractures. Traditionally, it has been understood that for most fractures of the zygoma, three-point fixation of the zygomaticofrontal suture, inferior orbital rim, and zygomaticomaxillary buttress generally produces exact structural restoration. Recently, the importance of accurate reduction of the zygomatic arch through coronal incision has been favored in complex zygomatic fractures. Though coronal incision has the advantages of accurate reduction and fixation as a result of extensive exposure of the fractured area, this procedure also has many disadvantages including injury to the facial nerve, paresthesia, alopecia, scar formation, longer operating time, protracted hospitalization, etc. As well, there have been no objective data to prove the fact that four-point fixation through coronal incision is superior to traditional three-point fixation. From May, 1994 to December, 1998, the authors treated 45 patients by traditional three-point (n=20) and coronal four-point fixation (n=25) with random sampling. To assess the difference between the two methods the authors measured the axial angle of the zygoma, the axial angle of the zygomatic arch, and the degree of zygomatic arch inclination on submentovertex X-ray, and then analyzed the measurements by the paired T-test(p < 0.05). As a result, the axial angle of the zygoma and zygomatic arch assessed by anteroposterior projection, as well as the facial width showed no statistical difference between the two groups, respectively(p = 0.26, p = 0.18). Mean while, the degree of zygomatic arch inclination representing the local contour of the fractured zygomatic arch was statistically significant between the two groups(p < 0.05). Thus, the traditional three-point fixation method may be widely acceptable in treatment of complex zygomatic fractures with anterior three-point or zygomatic arch comminution.
Alopecia ; Cicatrix ; Facial Nerve ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Orbit ; Paresthesia ; Sutures ; Zygoma ; Zygomatic Fractures

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prospectively the efficacy and accuracy of transvaginal sonography(TVS), saline infusion sonohysterography(SIS) and hysteroscopy in the exploration of the uterine cavity. METHODS: 71 consecutive patients were evaluated with SIS who showed abnormal TVS findings, using saline instilled through endocervically placed balloon catheter with concurrent vaginal sonography. Among them, 41 patients also underwent hysteroscopy and surgery. Transvaginal sonography, sonohysterography, hysteroscopy were compaired with pathologic reports. RESULTS: Fifty-five of 71 sonohysterogram(77.5%) showed abnormal findings, Among them 41 patients have done hysteroscopy and biopsy. According to pathologic reports, sixteen patients were noted to have myoma(39.0%), twelve patients had polyps (21.3%), and both showed most frequent lesions. TVS, SIS, and hysteroscopy had a sensitivity of 94.4%, 91.1%, 94.4%, and a specificity of 40%, 42.8%, 60.0%, respectively and showed not so much different in detection rate. In case of submucosal myoma and polyps, hysteroscopy showed 100% sensitivity, and 92% specificity and showed much higher detection rate compared with SIS (81.2%, 92.0%). CONCLUSION: Transvaginal sonography and sonohysterography are good office diagnostic test in case of detecting variable gynecologic intrauterine abnormalities.
Biopsy ; Catheters ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Humans ; Hysteroscopy* ; Myoma ; Polyps ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Uterine Hemorrhage*

No abstract available.
Antibody Formation* ; Humans ; Pneumonia*

No abstract available.
Copper* ; Humans ; Infant Formula* ; Infant* ; Zinc*