No abstract available.
Head* ; Orthognathic Surgery* ; Posture* ; Prognathism*

No abstract available.
Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Osteoporosis* ; Physicians, Primary Care* ; Primary Health Care*

Based on the limitation of biomedical model of tinnitus, more attention has been paid to personalities or psychological aspects. Depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and sleep disturbance were comorbid illnesses of tinnitus and research showed that neurobiological mechanisms such as dysfunction of limbic system or HPA axis were common in tinnitus and affective disorders and that comorbid psychiatric disorders enhanced the negative outcome of tinnitus. Recently, more attention is being paid to the relation of tinnitus with personality and the role of stress. Although the causal relation of personality and tinnitus is unclear, stress in itself showed that it can be a trigger in the development of tinnitus, and stress of tinnitus can cause adverse effects. Since the effect of fear-related cognition such as catastrophic thought about tinnitus was revealed more recently, its therapeutic implication should be explored. This review will describe the product of previous research and discuss future direction about psychological factors related to tinnitus.
Anxiety Disorders ; Cognition ; Depressive Disorder ; Limbic System ; Mood Disorders ; Psychology* ; Tinnitus*

The purpose of this study was to investigate disinfection state and effective factors of foodservice facilities and utilities of elementary schools in Busan area. Foodservice facilities and utilities investigated in this study were ceiling, wall, floor, trench, greasetrap, hood, pest and dumb waiter. The questionnaire which was administered to 196 dietitians was used as a survey method. The results were as follows. The washing method of foodservice facilities and utilities was mainly used by detergent washing-natural dry. The disinfection method of foodservice facilities and utilities was mainly sanitized by sodium hypochlorite. Dumb waiter and hood were sanitized by 70% ethyl alcohol and iodine. In washing and disinfection frequencies of foodservice facilities and utilities ceiling was twice/year, wall, hood and pest control facilities were once/week, floor, trench, greasetrap and dumb waiter were everyday, respectively. Floor, trench, greasetrap and dumb waiter were disinfected properly, whereas ceiling, wall, hood and pest were not disinfected properly. The washing method was related to dietitian's marital status and education. The disinfection state was related to dietitian's age and career, having of sanitation check list. The disinfection method was also affected dietitian's marital status, number of employee, duration of foodservice, number of total serving and having of sanitation check list. Therefore based on the results of this study, it should be given to the microbiological study on disinfection of facilities and utilities such as ceiling, wall, floor, trench, greasetrap, hood, pest and dumb waiter and the dietitian and employee's sanitation training also should be conducted continuously.
Busan* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Detergents ; Disinfection* ; Education ; Ethanol ; Humans ; Iodine ; Marital Status ; Nutritionists ; Pest Control ; Sanitation ; Sodium Hypochlorite

Venous lakes are small, bluish-purple, slightly-raised, soft papules or nodules occurring on the exposed skin of elderly people. The lips and ears are the most common sites. Histopathologically, large, dilated and irregular thin-walled venules are located on the upper and mid-dermis. Venous lake is not a rare disease, however, there has been no report of this condition in Korean literature. We report two cases of venous lake together with a review of the pertinent papers.
Aged ; Ear ; Humans ; Lakes* ; Lip ; Rare Diseases ; Skin ; Venules

Erythema nodosum leprsum(ENL) is a painful, erythematous subcutaneous and dermal nodules which occurs mainly in lepromatous leprosy. Usually, it starts about 1 year after onset of treatment and lasts from a few days to weeks or months. Rarely it lasts for years. Although the lesions of ENL develop any part of the body, the favorite sites are extensor sites of the extremities, medial thigh, and face. We report a case of ENL which showed about 20 times recurrences for 3 years from 15months after initial treatment because of its widespread inflammatory lesions and duration of the disease. The ENL lesions recurred repeatedly with 2 weeks to 3months interval for 3 years and the tender reddish nodules developed not only in extremities but also on the trunk. During treatment course, he developed diabetes mellitus, Cushings syndrome as complications of long term use of corticosteroid and also developed xanthoma, hyperpigmentation, and ichthyosis.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Erythema Nodosum* ; Erythema* ; Extremities ; Hyperpigmentation ; Ichthyosis ; Leprosy, Lepromatous ; Recurrence ; Thigh ; Xanthomatosis

No abstract available.
Humans ; Lichen Planus* ; Lichens*

BACKGROUND: Epidurally administered dexamethasone may reduce the incidence and severity of postoperative pain. We investigated whether postoperative pain could be alleviated by preoperative or postoperative epidural dexamethasone administration in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. METHODS: Ninety patients (age 30-77 with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II) undergoing radical subtotal gastrectomy were randomly allocated to three groups using computer generated randomization. In all groups, 10 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine was injected epidurally before the start and at the end of the operation. In Group I, a bolus ropivacaine epidural without dexamethasone was administered. In Group II, dexamethasone (5 mg) was added to the ropivacaine bolus epidural before the start of operation. In Group III, the same amount of dexamethasone was given with the ropivacaine epidural at the end of operation. Effort and resting VAS, the use of rescue analgesics and any complications noted during the procedure were evaluated. RESULTS: VAS and requirements of rescue analgesics were significantly lower in Groups II and III when compared to Group I. There were no difference in the incidence of nausea and vomiting between groups, but an itching sensation was frequent in Group III. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of 5 mg of dexamethasone epidurallly, before or after operation, could reduce the pain and analgesic requirement after radical subtotal gastrectomy.
Amides ; Analgesics ; Dexamethasone ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Incidence ; Nausea ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pruritus ; Random Allocation ; Sensation ; Vomiting

The mentalis muscle is a paired muscle originating from the alveolar bone of the mandible. This muscle is the main target muscle for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection therapy, which aims to treat cobblestone chin caused by mentalis hyperactivity. However, a lack of knowledge on the anatomy of the mentalis muscle and the properties of BoNT can lead to side effects, such as mouth closure insufficiency and smile asymmetry due to ptosis of the lower lip after BoNT injection procedures. Therefore, we have reviewed the anatomical properties associated with BoNT injection into the mentalis muscle.An up-to-date understanding of the localization of the BoNT injection point according to mandibular anatomy leads to better injection localization into the mentalis muscle. Optimal injection sites have been provided for the mentalis muscle and a proper injection technique has been described. We have suggested optimal injection sites based on the external anatomical landmarks of the mandible. The aim of these guidelines is to maximize the effects of BoNT therapy by minimizing the deleterious effects, which can be very useful in clinical settings.

Scar endometriosis, which is characterized by ectopic endometrial-like glands and stroma surrounding scar tissue, is rare and presents diagnostic challenges due to its inconsistent presentation. We report a case of a 40-year-old woman who had previously undergone two cesarean sections and a hysterectomy, in whom a mass in the subcutaneous layer of the lower abdomen was incidentally discovered by computed tomography (CT). A physical examination revealed a linear cesarean scar with a palpable, pigmented mass. An enhanced abdominal CT scan revealed an approximately 3.5-cm ill-defined soft tissue mass infiltrating the rectus abdominis muscle. A desmoid tumor was suspected based on the radiological findings, and endometriosis was also considered in light of the patient’s medical history. Wide mass excision was performed, ensuring 5-mm margins. The mass was completely excised, and a histopathological examination revealed endometriosis. Due to its rarity, scar endometriosis in the abdominal area can be easily misdiagnosed. Therefore, a heightened suspicion of scar endometriosis should be maintained in female patients with a history of abdominal or pelvic surgery presenting with an abdominal mass. Although imaging modalities can play a supportive role in the diagnosis, an extensive medical history assessment and comprehensive physical examination remain crucial.