BACKGROUND: Fixed drug eruptions(FDE) are a cutaneous reaction characterized by one or more circumscribed lesions that recur at the same site in response to a given medication. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to find the clinical and histopathological characteristics of FDE and to compare early FDE with late FDE histopathologically. METHOD: We clinically investigated 54 cases of FDE that visited the department of dermatology at the Kyunghee medical center from January 1993 to December 1996. Among them, 31 patients had skin biopsies and were evaluated histopathologically on the basis of duration. RESULTS: The results were summarized as follows: 1. Development of FDE did not show any difference according to sex and was evenly distributed over all the ages. 2. The latent periods of FDE were diverse in appearance from 30 minutes to 10 days, but mostly, the skin lesions erupted within 4S hours. 3. The most common skin lesions were erythematous macules. 4. Distribution of the lesions came out as solitary: 20.4%, multiple: 79.6%. S3.7% of the multiple lesions were localized to a part of body, and 16.3% were distributed over the whole body. 5. The areas in which the eruptions developed were (in descending order): upper extremity(37.0%), hand(31.5%), trunk(24.1%), face(24.1%). 6. In most cases(68.6%), the size and the number of lesions were greater in recurrente, rather than in first attacks. 7. The histopathological findings commonly showed perivascular mononuclear cell(MNC) infiltration (100%), pigmentary incontinence(77.4%), basal hydrophic degeneration(71.0%), eosinophil infiltration in dermis(61.3%), etc. 8. The epidermal histopathological findings such as spongiosis, exocytosis of MNC, basal hydrophic degeneration, keratinocyte necrosis and subepidermal vesicles could be seen more frequently in early lesions than in late ones. CONCLUSION: In our study, we were able to obtain meaningful results based on data from the combination of clinical and histopathological investigations. This study may give help to understand the characteristics of fixed drug eruptions and to plan future studies.
Biopsy ; Dermatology ; Drug Eruptions* ; Eosinophils ; Exocytosis ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; Necrosis ; Skin

OBJECTIVES: Seoul-Activities of Daily Living(S-ADL) was developed to assess elderly person's basic activities of daily living. This study aims to develop standardized ADL assessment scale and confirm the reliability and validity of the S-ADL. METHODS: It was participated in 336 controls and 145 patients diagnosed Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS: In controls, it was statistically significant to age, but not sex, education, region and presence of spouse. Also, reliability and validity were statistically significant. Principal axis factoring analysis revealed three factors that accounted for 66.67% of the total variance(1.self-care/hygiene, 2.ambulation, 3.toileting). According to each CDR stage, there were significant difference, except for CDR 0.5 and CDR 1 suggesting early dementia. Particularly, it was remarkable for functional impairment in CDR 2 and CDR 3 suggesting moderate to severe dementia. The order of the loss of function was (1) self-care/hygiene, (2) toileting, and (3) ambulation. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the S-ADL could be a very reliable and valid tool for the assessment of functional disabilities of Korean dementia patients. Particularly, S-ADL would be useful in assessing daily function of moderate to severe AD.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Alzheimer Disease ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Dementia ; Education ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Spouses ; Walking

PURPOSE: In determining image quality of mammography,many factors are related. Selection of film and screen is one of them. Authors took phantom images of nine film-screen combinations under properly controlled conditions and compared them to evaluate their image qualities. In addition, KVp, mAs and surface dose were evaluated at each combination to deterrhine proper exposure conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using phantom,images of nine film-screen combinations composed of Fuji MI-NC, UM-MA, UM-MH films and Fuji Fine,Medium, Kodak Min-R screeens were taken. Phantom(Ackermann Mammochip Phantom) was composed of simulations for microcalcifications, fibers, nodules, lymph nodes, breast tissue and breast cancer masses. For phantom of 4.5 cm compressed breast equivalent, 28 KVp was used. For 1.5 and 3.0 cm equivalant phantoms, 24 KVp and 26 KVp was used. At each KVp, mammographic images were taken at various mAs. Among images taken by this process, best images were selected and then, according to scoring method, comparison of image quality for each combination was done. With dosimation strip, surface doses for various conditions were evaluated. RESULTS: Combination of Fuji UM-MA film and Fuji Fine screen showed best image quality regardless of KVp or phantom thickness. For the best image, 10 mAs with 26 KVp was most ideal while mAs with 24 KVp was optimal for equivalent phantom of 3.0 cm thickness breast. At this condition, surface dose was less than other combinations when combinations involving UM-MH films were used. On the other hand,when combinations involving MI-NC films were used, surface dose was higher than others. CONCLUSION: Using phantom, image quality of film-screen combinations could be evaluated and compared. Such process can contribute to best quality image with decreased exposure and can play a role in quality asurance program.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Lymph Nodes ; Research Design

Nefazodone, a newer antidepressant is a phenylpiperazine derivative that inhibits the reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin, and antagonizes 5-HT2A and alpha1 adrenergic receptors. Compared with SSRIs nefazodone caused the fewer activating symptoms, adverse gastrointestinal effects(nausea, diarrhea, anorexia) and adverse effects of sexual function, but is associated with the more dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, visual disturbances and confusion. We report on 4 cases of visual disturbances and hallucinations in patients taking nefazodone. 1) Nefazodone, as a 5-HT2A antagonist, might induce visual disturbances. 2) mCPP, metabolite of nefazodone might contribute to the hallucination through action on 5-HT receptor. 3) Dopaminergic enhancing activity of nefazodone might cause hallucination. The case report raises the possibility that dose-related perceptual disturbances may exist with nefazodone. The fact emphasizes the need to pay close attention to all possible drug interactions, particularly in patients treated with multiple psychoactive agents, older patients, and patients with decreased hepatic function.
Constipation ; Diarrhea ; Dizziness ; Drug Interactions ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Mouth ; Norepinephrine ; Psychotropic Drugs ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; Serotonin ; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists

The purpose of this study was to measure the marginal fidelities and the fracture strength of IPS Empress 2. and In-Ceram. ceramic crowns. After constructed of 12 experimental dies for each group, ceramic crowns were fabricated on the metal master dies prepared on the maxillary right premolar. Marginal gaps were measured on the specimen between the margin of each crown and finishing line of the metal master die by using stereo-microscope(SZ-ST. Olympus, Japan) and all specimens were cemented on the metal master die with Bistite II.(Tokuyama soda Co, LTD., Japan) resin cement. Finally, marginal gaps were measured again. To measure of the fracture strength, buccal incline on the functional cusp of specimens were loaded until the catastrophic failure occurred by using the AGS-1000 D.(Shimadzu, Japan). The result of marginal fidelities and fracture strength were statistically analyzed with the SPSS version 8.0 programs. The results of this study were as follows : 1. No significant difference was found in the mean marginal fidelities and fracture strength between the IPS Empress 2. and In-Ceram. 2. In comparison of marginal fidelities between before and after cementation, there was significant difference(P<0.05). The IPS Empress 2 system was shown in this study that had good marginal fidelities and fracture strength compared to In-Ceram ceramics. Although this system was acceptable to clinical applications, the system still has to be considered long-term researches about marginal fidelities and fracture strength due to the lack of data about the clinical researches.
Bicuspid ; Cementation ; Ceramics ; Crowns* ; Resin Cements

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of cultural competence and its influencing factors among 530 dental hygiene students. The analysis was performed using PASW Statistics ver. 18.0, and the following conclusions were drawn. Cultural knowledge levels showed a significant difference according to general characteristics in four components of cultural competence levels. Cultural competence and its four components were higher in subjects who have a religion (p<0.05). The differences in cultural competence levels according to culture-related characteristics are as follows. In individuals with experience of taking foreign culture-related classes, intention to work overseas, or fluency in a foreign language, cultural competence levels and its four components such as cultural comfort, knowledge, awareness, and behavior intent were higher (p<0.05). Intention of overseas employment was the factor most strongly influencing the level of cultural competence of the subjects. The more intention the subjects have to work overseas, the more they have experienced foreign culture-related lessons, the more fluently they speak a foreign language, and the higher level of cultural competency they reached (p<0.05). As the research results show, it is necessary to establish a continuing plan to understand and communicate with individuals of other cultures through foreign language and foreign culture classes in schools in order to improve the level of cultural competence. This education would reduce the fear and stress that subjects might make a mistake in meeting with people from other cultures, and it could be a preparatory process to actively carry out dental hygiene practice with foreigners.
Cultural Competency* ; Education ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Employment ; Humans ; Intention ; Oral Hygiene*

We had experience of 464 cases of anesthesia for repair of cleft lip and cleft palate under 10 years of age. The analyzed results are as follows: 1) The 464 cases were divided into 5 age groups and 165 cases(35.6%) were in the under 2 years age group. Sex distribution was 291 males(66.2%) and 173 females(37.3%) 2) 377 cases(81.3%) were under 20kg of body weight. 3) There were 229 cleft lip cases (29.3%), 233 cleft palate cases, and 1 case each of (50.2%), of naso-ocular fistular correction and oro-ocular correction. 4) There were 386 cases elective surgery and 2 were emergency cases. 5) All cases had general anesthesia by means of endotracheal intubation 377 cases(81.3%) with a non-rebreathing system and 87 cases(18.8%) had a semi-closed absorption system. 6) The main anesthetic was halothane in 462 cases(99.6%) and Valium-Demerol and ether was 1 case each. 7) The mean blood loss in palatoplastry was 10ml/kg of body weight but it was 13.7ml/kg in the 5~10kg of body weight group, 11.6ml/kg in the 10kg~20kg of body weight group and 7.5ml/kg in the 20~30kg of body weight group. 8) Incidence of cleft lip combined with cleft palate was 211 cases(45.5%) among 464 cases and 149 cases(51.2%) were males and 62 cases(35.8%) were females. 9) The most common type of cleft lip was left incomplete lip(30.1%) and of cleft palate it was left complete palate(30.5%). 10) Familial history was found in 56 cases(12%).
Absorption ; Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, General ; Body Weight ; Child* ; Cleft Lip ; Cleft Palate ; Emergencies ; Ether ; Female ; Halothane ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Male ; Sex Distribution

PURPOSE: MDM-2 is an oncoprotein that inhibits p53 tumor-suppressor protein. These abnor malities have a role in tumorigenesis through inactivation of p53 function. To determine the clini copathological and prognostic value of MDM2 abnormalities in gastric adendegrees Carcinoma, MDM-2& p53 protein expression were analysed in surgically resected materials of gastric adendegrees Carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty cases which had got follow-up after surgical resection were immunohistdegrees Chemically studied with p53 and MDM-2 antibodies. We defined variable clinico pathologic factors for expression of p53 and MDM-2 protein and analysed their relationships. RESULTS: Immunohistdegrees Chemical stain revealed expression of MDM-2 protein as a 52.0% (26/50) and p53 protein 20.0% (10/50), respectively. But their expressions were not assdegrees Ciated with clinicopathological factors such as T-factor, N-factor, stage, histology and differentiation. Overall, p53-negative patients seemed to have a better prognosis regardless of MDM-2 protein status (P= 0.057). MDM-2 protein status was considered to have no play as a prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: In the gastric adendegrees Carcinoma, p53 protein expression seemed to have a inverse relationship with clinical outcomes but MDM-2 protein expression, which was observed more frequently than those of p53, seemed not to be prognostic indicator.
Antibodies ; Carcinogenesis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 ; Stomach Neoplasms

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of care burden of caregivers in patients with dementia. METHODS: 128 dementia patients and patients' caregivers participated in this study. Care burden using the BI ; cognition using the K-MMSE ; dementia severity using the CDR ; activities of daily living using the S-ADL and the S-IADL ; behaviour problems using NPI were measured. RESULTS: The results showed that care burden was related significantly with the K-MMSE, the CDR, the S-ADL, the SIADL and the NPI total score. Of the behavior problems, agitation/aggression, anxiety, disinhibition, irritability, and aberrant behavior correlated positively with care burden of caregivers. Regression analysis indicated that agitation/aggression, anxiety, the CDR contributed to care burden. CONCLUSION: Agitation/aggression, anxiety and dementia severity contributed to care burden of caregivers. The identified determinants of care burden and the stress of caregivers suggest areas of therapeutic intervention to reduce caregiver's burden so that the institutionalization can be delayed.
Activities of Daily Living ; Anxiety ; Caregivers* ; Cognition ; Dementia* ; Humans ; Institutionalization

BACKGROUND: Xenologous or synthetic graft materials are commonly used as an alternative for autografts for guided bone regeneration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of carbonate apatite on the critical-size bone defect of rat's calvarium. METHODS: Thirty-six critical-size defects were created on 18 adult male Sprague-Dawley rat calvaria under general anesthesia. Calvarial bones were grinded with 8 mm in daimeter bilaterally and then filled with (1) no grafts (control, n = 10 defects), (2) bovine bone mineral (Bio-Oss®, Geistlich Pharma Ag. Swiss, n = 11 defects), and (3) hydroxyapatite (Bongros®, Bio@ Inc., Seongnam, Korea, n = 15 defects). At 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, the rats were sacrificed and all samples were processed for histological and histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS: At 4 weeks after surgery, group 3 (42.90 ± 9.33 %) showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the control (30.50 ± 6.05 %) and group 2 (28.53 ± 8.62 %). At 8 weeks after surgery, group 1 (50.21 ± 6.23 %), group 2 (54.12 ± 10.54 %), and group 3 (50.92 ± 6.05 %) showed no significant difference in the new bone formation. CONCLUSIONS: Bongros®-HA was thought to be the available material for regenerating the new bone formation.
Adult ; Anesthesia, General ; Animals ; Autografts ; Bone Regeneration ; Carbon ; Durapatite* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Heterografts ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Miners ; Osteogenesis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skull ; Transplants