Prompt medical attention is crucial for congenital intracranial vascular malformations in children and newborns due to potential severe outcomes. Imaging is pivotal for accurate identification, given the diverse risks and treatment strategies. This article aims to enhance the identification and understanding of congenital intracranial vascular abnormalities including arteriovenous malformation, arteriovenous fistula, cavernous malformation, capillary telangiectasia, developmental venous anomaly, and sinus pericranii in pediatric patients.

Background : Korean Activities of Daily Living(K-ADL) scale and Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(K-IADL) scale were developed to measure the function of the old. The evaluation through K-ADL and K-IADL is important for the optimal medical service to the disabled old people on the Sorokdo. This study was conducted to assess the functional disability of them and to find out the suitable medical service. Method : This research was collected from 731 Sorokdo residents in Oct, 2003. The data were compared by chi-square test, independent t-test and ANOVA test using SPSS(ver 10.0) with alpha-error=0.05. Result : Bathing-points and clothing-points on ADL scale are comparatively low: points of the women lower than those of the men; the group over 65 years than group under that age; the patients who have combined disease than the patients who have not; and the patients who have been hospitalized more than once than those who have not been. Besides, the points of the not-disabled are lower than those of disability, the lower one`s points on ADL scale. It is due to the fact that there are many not-disabled persons over 65 years old. Preparing-a-meal points and washing-points on IADL scale are comparatively low: points of the women lower than those of the men; the group over 65 years than group under that age; the patients who have combined disease than the patients who have not; the patients who have been hospitalized than those who have not been one a more; and the seriously- disabled and the slightly-disabled. The points on Barthel ADL scale are dwindling annually by 0.3 to 0.5, the decrease of the women being greater than that of the men. Conclusion : Special medical programs for the old patients and a rehabilitation health service will improve the reliability of medical service on Sorokdo hospital and increase quality of life.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Female ; Health Services ; Humans ; Leprosy ; Male ; Quality of Life ; Rehabilitation

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the most common and serious form of child abuse and a leading cause of traumatic death in infants and young children. The biomechanics of head injuries include violent shaking, blunt impact, or a combination of both. Neuroimaging plays an important role in recognizing and distinguishing abusive injuries from lesions from accidental trauma or other causes, because clinical presentation and medical history are often nonspecific and ambiguous in this age group. Understanding common imaging features of AHT can increase recognition with high specificity for AHT. In this review, we discuss the biomechanics of AHT, imaging features of AHT, and other conditions that mimic AHT.

Gitelman syndrome is an autosomal recessive renal tubular disorder characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, and it is distinguished from Batter syndrome by hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. This disorder is caused by mutation in SLC12A3 gene which encodes thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-)cotransporter (NCCT) which is expressed in the apical membrane of cells, lining distal convoluted tubule. A 8-year old boy who presented with Rolandic epilepsy, and horseshoe kidney accidentally showed clinical features of metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypocalciuria without hypomagnesemia. So we identified a heterozygote mutation and an abnormal splicing in the SLC12A3 gene, encoding NCCT. The mutation was detected in the exon 15 and 22 of SLC12A3 gene.
Alkalosis ; Epilepsy, Rolandic ; Exons ; Gitelman Syndrome ; Heterozygote ; Hypokalemia ; Kidney ; Magnesium ; Membranes

Authors requested to change the name of the hospital to proper name.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the normal values of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) in normal children to aged volunteers using Tc-99m HMPAO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty four right-handed normal volunteers (20 males, 14 females, mean age 40.3+/-24.9 years, range 4 to 82 years) were underwent rest/acetazolamide (ACZ) brain SPECT using Tc-99m HMPAO and the sequential injection and subtraction method. rCBF was estimated on the basis of a semiquantitative approach by means of right/left ratio, region/cerebellum and region to whole brain ratios in frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, basal ganglia, thalami, and cerebellum. CVR was measured by means of % perfusion increase calculated as % mean count change compared to rest rCBF in each regions. RESULTS: Mean values of right to left ratios range from 1.004 to 1.018. rCBF was highest in cerebellum and lowest in basal ganglia and thalami. Frontal and temporal rCBF decreased while occipital and thalamic rCBF increased according to age. No sexual difference of rCBF was noted. Mean CVR was 29.9+/-12.9%. Mean CVR significantly increased to late teens, and declined thereafter. After 6th decade, CVR in both frontal lobes, left parietal lobe and right basal ganglia decreased significantly with advancing age. There was no sexual difference of CVR. CONCLUSION:: Quantitative assessment of CVR was possible by ACZ Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT. It revealed that rCBF and CVR changed according to age in normal Korean volunteers. There was no sexual difference.
Acetazolamide ; Adolescent ; Basal Ganglia ; Brain* ; Cerebellum ; Child ; Female ; Frontal Lobe ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Male ; Occipital Lobe ; Parietal Lobe ; Perfusion ; Rabeprazole ; Reference Values ; Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime* ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon* ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: Under the rising demand of health services, the critical pathway (CP) which standardizes the practice guideline was introduced as a means to provide quality healthcare service. CP may increase the patient's satisfaction rate by providing systematic and consistent service. We aimed to evaluate the significance of CP by development and application of CP to patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: From June 2010 to July 2011, 148 patients underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were divided into two groups, including 57 patients in the CP group and 91 patients in the non-CP group. In a retrospective review, related hospital costs were analyzed and compared for both groups. Survey results on satisfaction for the CP group were also analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age was 22.7 years in the CP group and 37.9 years in the non-CP group. Number of hospitalized days was one day for the CP group and 2.51 days for the Non-CP group with p<0.001. In cost analysis all variables showed a significant reduction in the CP group compared to the Non-CP group. The satisfaction rate in the CP group scored 8 points out of 10. CONCLUSION: Results have shown benefit from the financial point of the view for the CP group. Current inclusion criteria for CP are limited and still in development for a solid protocol. Further efforts with a large-scale comparative study to broaden the indication for CP are desired.
Cholecystectomy ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Critical Pathways* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Services ; Hospital Costs ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies

Pulmonary surfactant prevents alveolar collapse by reducing alveolar surface tension and aids gaseous exchange in the lung. Since inadequate production of pulmonary surfactant is a key etiological process in ARDS, surfactant may play an important role in pathogenesis of ARDS. To provide a clue for establishing pathological mechanism of post-traumatic or neurogenic ARDS, we studied the influence of the vagal innervation on pulmonary surfactant metabolism. A total of 20 S-D rats (about 230 gm wt. each) were divided into two conditions: normal control and vagotomized groups. The vagotomized rats were subdivided into 3 hours, 8 hours and 24 hours groups. To preserve the superior cervical cardiac branches, both vagus nerves were cut at the lowest part of the carotid triangle. Cannula for adequate respiration and suction was fitted into the trachea. The lung tissue were processed for H&E, Masson's trichrome, Immunohistochemistry using anti-surfactant protein A (SP-A) and .anti-prosurfactant protein C (ProSP-C). The results were as follows; 1. The lungs of the vagotomized rats showed alveolar edema, fibrosis with infiltration of inflammatory cells and hyaline membrane formation. 2. In the lungs of the vagotomized rats, SP-A and ProSP-C immunoreactivity was decreased in proportion to postoperation time. Consequently, it can be postulated that autonomic disturbances caused by vagal interruption may induce ARDS-like pulmonary damage by modulating alveolar surfactant protein metabolism and by evoking the secondary inflammatory processes.
Animals ; Catheters ; Edema ; Fibrosis ; Hyalin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung ; Membranes ; Metabolism ; Protein C ; Pulmonary Surfactants ; Rats ; Respiration ; Staphylococcal Protein A ; Suction ; Surface Tension ; Trachea ; Vagotomy* ; Vagus Nerve

The ras-related GTP binding protein, rab6, is located in late Golgi compartment. Modulation of beta-and gamma-secretase activity may lead to production of beta-amyloid fragments that are ultimately deposited in senile plaques at the brain of Alzheimer patients. Because modulation of rab6-mediated intracellular transport has been known to affect amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, we investigated the rab6 immunoreactivity on the hippocampal neurons in the Alzheimer brains, according to the pathological staging of the disease. A total of 30 brains were used for this study. Campbell's silver stain for beta-amyloid and immunohistochemistry for rab6 protein were employed. The cortices of the hippocampal formation and the neighboring temporal neocortex were observed. The results are obtained as follows: 1. In normal elderly brains, no amyloid plaque is seen. In Alzheimer brains, a number of amyloid plaques are seen at the temporal neocortex and dentate gyrus. 2. In normal elderly brains, the perikaria of the pyramidal cells at the CA1 sector shows weak rab6 immunoreactivity. At the CA2 and CA3 sectors, trace immunoreactivity is observed in the pyramidal cells. 3. In preclinical Alzheimer brains, the perikaria of the pyramidal cells at the CA1 sector shows moderate rab6 immunoreactivity and the cells at the CA2 sector show weak immunoreactivity. A weak to moderate imunoreactivity is seen in the pyramidal cells of the CA3 sector. 4. In clinical Alzheimer brains, the pyramidal cells at the CA1 and CA3 sectors show strong rab6 immunoreactivity, but the cells at the CA2 sector shows moderate immunoreactivity. It is suggested that alteration of intracellular protein transport caused by abnormal rab6 activity may modulate amyloid precursor protein processing, which results in beta-amyloid production.
Aged ; Amyloid ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; Brain* ; Dentate Gyrus ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neocortex ; Neurons ; Plaque, Amyloid ; Protein Transport ; Pyramidal Cells ; Silver

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the effects of neurofeedback as an augmentation treatment on depressive symptoms and functional recovery in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). METHODS: We included 24 adult patients with TRD and 12 healthy adults. 24 TRD patients were assigned to the neurofeedback augmentation group (n = 12) and the medication-only (treatment as usual [TAU]) group (n = 12). The neurofeedback augmentation group underwent combined therapy comprising medication and 12–24 sessions of neurofeedback training for 12 weeks. To assess the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in both groups, pre- and post-treatment blood samples were obtained. Patients were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), 5-level version of European Quality of Life Questionnaire 5-Dimensional Classification (EQ-5D-5L), and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) at baseline, and at the 1-, 4-, and 12-week. RESULTS: From baseline to week 12, neurofeedback training reduced mean scores on HAM-D, BDI-II, CGI-S, and SDS, and increased mean EQ-5D-5L tariff score. In the neurofeedback augmentation group, the response and remission rates were 58.3% and 50.0%, respectively, at week 12. Changes in HAM-D, EQ-5D-5L tariff score, and SDS were significantly larger in the neurofeedback group than in the medication-only (TAU) group. No significant difference in BDNF level was found pre- vs. post-treatment in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample size, these results suggest that neurofeedback treatment may be effective as an augmentation treatment, not only for depressive symptoms, but also for functional recovery, in patients with TRD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0004183 ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04078438
Adult ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Classification ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Humans ; Information Services ; Neurofeedback ; Pilot Projects ; Quality of Life ; Sample Size