BACKGROUND: The cause of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is unknown. Recent studies suggest that IPD occurs less frequently in smokers than in non-smokers, but remains a controversial topic. We performed a case-control study to investigate the relationship between IPD and smoking in Korea. METHODS:The smoking histories of 624 IPD patients were compared with 622 age- and sex-matched control subjects at the Asan Medical Center. Detailed informa-tion on smoking behavior was identified from a questionnaire and self report. A conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and control for potential confounds. RESULTS: With "never-smokers" as the refer-ence category, there was an inverse association between past-smokers and IPD (OR 0.617, p=0.029), and a stronger inverse association of IPD with current-smokers (OR 0.389, p<0.001). When smokers were stratified by the interval "since quitting", there was an inverse association between those who stopped smoking more than 10 years ago and IPD (OR 0.753, p=0.31), and a greater inverse relationship with those who stopped smoking 1 to 10 years (OR 0.489, p=0.017). A significant trend of decreased risk of IPD with pack-years of smoking was detected. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that IPD occurs less often in smokers than in non-smokers. The inverse dose-response relationship between smoking and IPD provides indirect evidence that smoking is biologically protective.
Case-Control Studies ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Parkinson Disease* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Report ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ventricular conduction abnormalities, especially RBBB, observed electrocardiographically after surgical closure of VSD. The present study population consists of 92 patients with VSD who were surgically corrected at the Hanyang University Hospital during 6 years period from Jan. 1985 to Dec. 1990. We reviewed their clinical records including surgical notes and EKG findings before and after operations. The results of the study were as follows: 1) Male to female ratio was 1.1:1 (48:44) 2) Out of a total of 92 cases of VSD, 65cases(70.7%)were perimembranous type and 27 cases (29.3%)were subarterial type. 3) The normal preoperative EKG findings were seen in 22 patients, LVH in 21 patients, BUH in 47patients, and RVH in 3 patiens. 4) A transatrial approach was performed in 55 cases, right ventriculotomy with or without resection of muscles in right ventricle in 13 cases, and pulmonary arteriotomy alone in 24 cases. 5) The right bundle branch block after operation developed in 33 patients out of the 65 patinets with perimembranous defect and 5 patients out of the 27 patients with subarterial defects. Postoperative RBBB developed more frequently in perimembranous defect than in subarterial defect. 6) Postoperative RBBB occured in 31.8% of the patients with normal preoperative EKG findings, 23.8% with preoperative LVH, 52.1% with BVH and 66.7% with RVH. Postoperative RBBB was more frequently observed in the patients group with preoperative BVH or RVH than the patients with normal or LVH. 7) Postoperative RBBB was observed in 84.6% after right wentriculotomy, in 43.6% after right atriotomy and in 12.5% with pulmonary arteriotomy alone.
Bundle-Branch Block* ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular* ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Male ; Muscles

No abstract available.
Herpes Zoster* ; Male ; Penis

No abstract available.
Epilepsy* ; Video Games*

No abstract available.
Parkinson Disease*

A 19-year-old woman presented to our dental clinic with anterior crossbite and mandibular prognathism. She had a concave profile, long face, and Angle Class III molar relationship. She showed disharmony in the crowding of the maxillomandibular dentition and midline deviation. The diagnosis and treatment plan were established by a three-dimensional (3D) virtual setup and 3D surgical simulation, and a surgical wafer was produced using the stereolithography technique. No presurgical orthodontic treatment was performed. Using the surgery-first approach, Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy and mandibular bilateral intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy setback were carried out. Treatment was completed with postorthodontic treatment. Thus, symmetrical and balanced facial soft tissue and facial form as well as stabilized and well-balanced occlusion were achieved.
Crowding ; Dental Clinics ; Dentition ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Malocclusion ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; Maxillary Osteotomy ; Molar ; Osteotomy ; Prognathism ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: The patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) suffered by a lot of complications that influence the quality of life both physically and mentally. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of patients with spinal cord injury in incidence of the complication according to the injury level and period. METHOD: Retrospective study was done in 554 patients with SCI who discharged from Yonsei University Medical Center from January, 1987 to December, 1996. We investigated the incidence of each complication such as respiratory, cardiovascular, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, and dermatologic complications according to the neurologic level and each period (1987~1991, 1992~1996). RESULTS: Among the 554 cases, urologic complication (40.3%) was the most common complication followed by dermatologic (39.0%), musculoskeletal (33.6%), cardiovascular (27.1%) and so on. The most common complications of each system were autonomic dysreflexia (13.2%) in cardiovascular, pneumonia (9.6%) in respiratory, contracture (27.8%) in musculoskeletal, urinary tract infection (34.3%) in urologic, hemorrhoid in gastrointestinal, and central pain (24.0%) in neurogenic complications. The most common site of pressure sore was sacral area (58.9%). There was no significant difference in each complication according to the injury period. CONCLUSION: Urologic complication was the most prevalent in patients with SCI followed by dermatologic, musculoskeletal and so on. These basic results would be helpful for prevention and management of the complication of SCI.
Academic Medical Centers ; Autonomic Dysreflexia ; Contracture ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Hemorrhoids ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pneumonia ; Pressure Ulcer ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord* ; Urinary Tract Infections

Erosive adenomatosis of the nipple is a rare, benign neoplasm, currently thought to originate from the terminal lactiferous ducts and subareolar breast tissue. Clinically, erosive adenomatosis of the nipple is often indistinguishable from that of mammary Paget's disease, and it could be misdiagnosed as intraductal carcinoma as it has a similar histological finding. We present the case of a 36-year-old woman who had a unilateral erythematous induration of the nipple that contained a palpable, firm nodule. It had first been noticed 2 years earlier. The surface was occasionally crusted, and there was a bloody discharge. Histopathological examination showed irregular, dilated tubular structures, which were lined by a peripheral layer of cuboidal cells and a luminal layer of the columnar cells that demonstrated decapitation secretion at their luminal border.
Adult ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Decapitation ; Female ; Humans ; Nipples ; Paget's Disease, Mammary ; Papilloma ; Phenobarbital

Trastuzumab (Herceptin), a humanized monoclonal antibody, is a cancer drug developed to target the human epidermal receptor (HER) 2, which is overexpressed in some cancer cells. Cutaneous side effects, such as folliculitis, xerosis, and alopecia have not been reported with therapies targeting HER2, in spite of the frequent observances of such with the therapies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. We experienced a patient in whom psoriasis was triggered by the trastuzumab treatment for breast cancer. She was a 57-year-old woman with erythematous and scaly plaques occurring a few months after starting trastuzumab, with repeated aggravation after the re-administration of trastuzumab for the breast cancer. Histologic examination showed the typical features of psoriasis with parakeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, elongation of the rete ridges, and a lymphocytic and polymorphonuclear cell infiltrate in the dermis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of psoriasis triggered by trastuzumab treatment for breast cancer.
Alopecia ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Breast Neoplasms ; Dermis ; Female ; Folliculitis ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Parakeratosis ; Psoriasis ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Trastuzumab

Demodex mites are considered part of the normal skin flora. Typically, Demodex is harmless and causes no clinical symptoms. We present a 43-year-old woman with pruritic erythematous plaque and papulopustular eruptions on the right cheek. The patient was treated seborrheic dermatitis in face from several years ago. However, the lesion was aggravated after continuous topical steroid usage for several months at a local clinic. Histological examinations revealed Demodex mites in the follicular ostia with perivascular and perifollicular lymphohistiocytic inflammation. Treatment was initiated with metronidazole at a dose of 250 mg three times per day and then crotamiton ointment once daily. The lesion showed marked improvement after six weeks of treatment with mild residual erythema. The findings presented here indicate that Demodex infestation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilateral follicular eruptions of the face.
Adult ; Cheek ; Dermatitis, Seborrheic ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Erythema ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Metronidazole ; Mites ; Skin ; Toluidines