The maxillary alveolar ridge separates the palate from the lip and clefts of the primary palate have a cleft of the alveolus as well. In the most common clefts of the primary palate, the alveolar portion of the cleft is located between the lateral incisor, if present, and the canine. The cleft may also pass between the central incisor and the lateral incisor, rarer forms of clefts may pass between the central incisor or more distally on the maxillary arch. There are still considerable differences of opinion as to the optimal time for closure of alveolar defects, with or without concomitant bone grafting. But the preferred time for the operation with bone graft is between age 9 and 11 before the canine teeth have fully erupted. As an alternative to primary bone grafting, Skoog developed the periosteoplasty, or "boneless bone graft" technique, in which periosteal continuity was established between maxillary segments by the transfer of local periosteal flaps from the anterior maxillary wall. this procedure, which takes advantage of the propensity of periosteum to form bone in young children, leads to the formation of new bone within the alveolar cleft in spite of the fact that no bone graft is used.This study attempts to defin the effectiveness of early alveolar cleft repair with gingivo-vestibular-mucoperiosteal flap.The results in 6 unilateral alveolar clefts and 1 bilateral alveolar cleft, which is corrected early by gingivo-vestibular-mucoperiosteal flap, have been satisfactory alveolar arch continuity and alveolar bone formation with tooth eruption.
Alveolar Process ; Bone Transplantation ; Child ; Cuspid ; Humans ; Incisor ; Lip ; Osteogenesis ; Palate ; Periosteum ; Tooth Eruption ; Transplants

BACKGROUND: Current researeh indicates that making among young adults tends to persist into later life. Furthermare, numerous studies have proven the harmful effects of female stmoking on their offspring. These trends have produced a wide variety of(social, medical and economic) problems. This study is aimed at obtaining basic information to help prevent patential smokers from trying their first cigarette as well as to instruct to stop smoking. This study involves the following: a) investigating general factors affecting the smoking status of college students in addition to the deterents to smoking b) seeking to understand the familial influence on smoking status c) resesrching how smokers, ex-smokers and non-smakers perceive their familial influence on their smoking status. METHODS: In June 1998, a self-administered questiannaire was distributed to 800 students of two junior colleges by random sampling in Po'hang. 720 were returned and 642 displayed adequate respanses. The questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and EXCEL software. RESULTS: Among the tatal of 642 subjects studied, 220 were males(34.3%) and 422 femaks(66.7%). Of the male subjets 149(67%) were smokers, 46(21% ) were ex-smokers and 25(11.3%) were non smokers. Of the female subjcts 22(5.2%) were smokers, 399(92.9%) were ex-smokers and 11(2.6%) were non smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked per day was as follows:79 subjects(46.2%) smoked 10-20 cigarettes, 55(33.2%) smoked less than 10 and 37(21.6%) smoked more than a pack of cigarette. When considering the related factors which affect student smoking it is evident that there is a growing tendency toward smoking among male students when they have dose friends who are smokers and who cansume alcohol on a weekly basis. About the motives of smoking, there was a significant difference between the following two cases. Those(36.2%) who successfully quit smoking had started to smoke through solicitation by friends, but only 2.7% were successful if they had started to smoke to relieve stress When it comes to the influence of familial factors on successful versus unsuccessful attempts to quit smoking, the status of family smokers, whether or not smokers made their habit obvious to family members and whether or not the family allowed smoking did nat have any noticeable statistical difference between continuation of smoking and smoking cessation. However there was an obviaus difference among ex-smokers, non smokers and smokers when they responded as to whether or not their family had an effect on smoking status and smoking cessation:ex-smokers(38.4%), non-smokers(30.6%) and smokers(17.0%). CONCLUSIONS: In the light of the related factors attributed to the continuation of smoking in this study, it was revealed that there was a higher possibility of current smoking when the subject were a male and have close friends who smoked and had a higher level of average alcohol cansumption. this study also indicated that the continued smoking rate was higher among irdividuals who started smoking because of stress than those who began smoking as a result of peer pressure. There was no significant relatianship between smoking status and familial influence on smoking cessation between smokers and ex-smokers, but ex-smokers and non smokers had more awarness of familial influence than smokers.
Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Male ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products ; Young Adult ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular diseases are common causes of diseases and death for workers. With the increasing prevalence of obesity, the social costs for obesity related diseases are a growing burden in Korea. We aimed to investigate the impact of weight change on metabolic syndrome and its components in Korean male workers. METHODS: We analyzed the data from 2,785 male workers obtained during health checkups in 2000 and in 2008. The subjects were classified into 5 groups as Loss (< or = -3.0 kg), Stable (-2.9 to 2.9 kg), Mild gain (3.0 to 5.9 kg), Moderate gain (6.0 to 8.9 kg), and Severe gain (> or = 9.0 kg) group according to the amount of weight change between the 2 health checkups. The mean values of metabolic syndrome components were compared across the 5 weight change groups by ANCOVA. After classifying subjects into 2 groups according to the normality of their body weight at baseline, the odds ratios for metabolic syndrome and its components each weight-change group were computed by multiple logistic regression analyses, using the Stable group as the reference. RESULTS: There was a strong linear relationship between weight gain and a worsening of the components of metabolic syndrome in 2008 (p<0.001). In normal body weight group, the odds ratios for metabolic syndrome significantly increased in the Mild, Moderate, and Severe gain groups (OR 1.83, 2.82, and 7.56, respectively), and increased with weight gain (p<0.001). In subjects who were obese, the odds ratios for metabolic syndrome significantly increased if their amount of weight gain placed them in the Mild or Moderate gain groups(OR 1.75 and 3.97), increased with the increase of weight gain (p<0.001), and decreased in the Loss group(OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.30 to 0.85). CONCLUSIONS: Weight gain in male workers was positively associated with metabolic syndrome through worsening of metabolic syndrome components. On the other hand, weight loss in obese male workers had a protective effect against metabolic syndrome through the improvement of the components of metabolic syndrome.
Body Weight ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Hand ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Weight Gain ; Weight Loss

No abstract available.
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration*

OBJECTIVE: Computed tomography (CT)-based method of three dimensional (3D) analysis (MIMICS®, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) is reported as very useful software for evaluation of OPLL, but its reliability and reproducibility are obscure. This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of MIMICS® system, and inter- and intra-observer reliability in the measurement of OPLL. METHODS: Three neurosurgeons independently analyzed the randomly selected 10 OPLL cases with medical image processing software (MIMICS®) which create 3D model with Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) data from CT images after brief explanation was given to examiners before the image construction steps. To assess the reliability of inter- and intra-examiner intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 3 examiners measured 4 parameters (volume, length, width, and length) in 10 cases 2 times with 1-week interval. RESULTS: The inter-examiner ICCs among 3 examiners were 0.996 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.987–0.999) for volume measurement, 0.973 (95% CI, 0.907–0.978) for thickness, 0.969 (95% CI, 0.895–0.993) for width, and 0.995 (95% CI, 0.983–0.999) for length. The intra-examiner ICCs were 0.994 (range, 0.991–0.996) for volume, 0.996 (range, 0.944–0.998) for length, 0.930 (range, 0.873–0.947) for width, and 0.987 (range, 0.985–0.995) for length. CONCLUSION: The medical image processing software (MIMICS®) provided detailed quantification OPLL volume with minimal error of inter- and intra-observer reliability in the measurement of OPLL.
Longitudinal Ligaments* ; Methods ; Neurosurgeons ; Observer Variation*

BACKGROUND: The relationship of lifestyle and socioeconomic factors with weight change over 4 years in Korean middle-aged group was assessed. METHODS: A total of 1,167 men, aged 40~59 years, were selected from the Health Promotion Center of Ulsan University Hospital during the period of Jan. 2000 through Mar. 2000. Including anthropometric measures, designed questionnaires were administered concern lifestyle behavior topics with cigarette smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption, dairy product consumption and socioeconomic factors of monthly income and education. The subjects were divided into three groups by body mass index (BMI: kg/m(2)); normal (<23 kg/m(2)), overweight, and obesity (> or =25 kg/m(2)). After 4 years of follow-up, the men were classified into weight change categories; 1) stable weight group (from normal to normal, from overweight to overweight) and 2) weight gain group (from normal to overweight/obesity, from overweight to obesity). RESULTS: The weight gain group were 18.4% (n=215) and the stable overweight group were 81.6% (n=952). Adjusted for age, the frequency of dairy product consumption, the frequency of alcohol drinking, the regularity of exercise, education and monthly income, the smokers (> or =10/day) had significantly high incidence rates of increase in weight (odds ratio=1.77, 95% CI 1.07~2.90). The increased dairy consumers (> or =4/week) had significantly low incidence rates of increase in weight (odds ratio=0.43, 95% CI 0.20~0.93). Otherwise, there were no significant relationships in weight change. CONCLUSION: Smoking and decreased dairy product consumption were related to the increase in weight.
Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; Body Mass Index ; Dairy Products ; Follow-Up Studies ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Incidence ; Life Style ; Male ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Weight Gain ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-proliferative effect of the salinomycin in cell proliferation and apoptosis in primary cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells. METHODS: Cell viability was measured by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Caspase-3 activity assay and DNA fragmentation assay were performed to determine the effect of apoptosis. The expression of apoptosis regulatory-related proteins was evaluated by western blot. RESULTS: The cell viability and proliferation of uterine leiomyoma cells were significantly reduced by salinomycin treatment in a dose-dependent manner. DNA fragmentation assay results showed apoptotic cell death after salinomycin incubation. Salinomycin activated caspase-3, -8, and -9, causing apoptosis in uterine leiomyoma cells. Down-regulation of Bcl-2, XIAP, and FLIP with a concomitant increase in Bax, Fas, and DR5 were observed. CONCLUSION: These results provided the first evidence that salinomycin induce both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. Therefore, salinomycin may be a promising chemopreventive and therapeutic agent against human uterine leiomyoma.
Apoptosis* ; Blotting, Western ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Death ; Cell Proliferation* ; Cell Survival ; DNA Fragmentation ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; Leiomyoma*

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to identify frontal lobe dysfunctions of schizophrenic group and to classify into subtypes accordingly. METHODS: Four neuropsychological tests (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Word Fluency Test, Ruff Figural Fluency Test and Grooved Pegboard Test) were administered to 93 schizophrenia or schizophreniform patients diagnosed with the Korean version of SCID. Ten measures (WCST Total Number of Errors, WCST Number of Categories Completed, WCST Conceptual Level Responses, WCST Trials to Complete First Category, WCST Perseverative Responses, GPT Dominant Hand RT, GPT Nondominant Hand RT, Letter Fluency raw score, Category Fluency raw score, RFFT Total Unique Designs) from the four tests were selected by statistical procedure. Latent factors embedded in the frontal lobe function of schizophrenic patients were extracted from the factor analysis, and hierarchical and K-means clustering procedures were used to identify subtypes. To examine the differences among the subtypes, demographic variables, K-WAIS and PANSS were used. RESULTS: (1) The subjects in this study showed significant impairments in the four neuropsychological tests. (2) Through factor analysis, three factors were extracted: Conceptualization, Motor and Fluency. (3) Three cluster solution was considered optimal by cluster analysis. The preserved cluster (n=42) comprised of patients who showed relatively high function in all three factors. This group showed relatively higher function than the other two clusters. However, even the performance of the preserved cluster was 1SD below the norm of the normal people. The conceptualization deficit cluster (n=25) comprised of patients with deficit in conceptualization function. This group was characterized by the clinical symptoms of poor impulse control and active social avoidance suggesting a deficit in the ability to actively organize stimuli utilizing the feedback from the external environment. And finally, the fluency deficit cluster (n=19) showed impairment in fluency. This group was characterized by impairments in the use of abstract-symbolic thinking and the ability to pay attention to relevant stimuli suggesting a severe deficit in the efficiency and flexibility of information withdrawal. These three subtypes didn't differ significantly in age, duration of illness and current dosage of antipsychotics. However, the three groups differed significantly in years of education, IQ and on five items of PANSS. CONCLUSION: This study shows that schizophrenia can be characterized by frontal lobe dysfunctions and divided into three subtypes according to the profile of the frontal lobe dysfunctions. These neurocognitive heterogeneity of schizophrenia, not related to age, duration of illness and dosage of antipsychotic, suggest that different strategies need to be developed in diagnosing and planning rehabilitation programs for schizophrenc patients.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Education ; Frontal Lobe* ; Hand ; Humans ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Pliability ; Population Characteristics ; Rehabilitation ; Schizophrenia* ; Thinking

Mirizzi syndrome is commonly defined as a common hepatic duct obstruction caused by extrinsic compression from an impacted stone in the cystic duct. Mirizzi syndrome has traditionally been treated surgically. However, there are several case reports and small series describing endoscopic and percutaneous alternatives to open surgery. We encountered two cases of type I Mirizzi syndrome that was successfully treated endoscopically. We report these cases with a review of the relevant literature.
Cystic Duct ; Hepatic Duct, Common ; Mirizzi Syndrome*

BACKGROUND: Electrocardiographic QTc interval prolongation can cause serious arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, torsade de pointes, and even sudden death. Many studies have been performed to clarify whether QTc interval prolongation is related to increasing body mass index (BMI) and abdominal obesity. However, there is no study about the relationship between abdominal obesity and QTc interval prolongation in Korea. We, therefore, studied the relationship between QTc interval prolongation and abdominal obesity among Korean adults. METHODS: The measurement of height, weight, and waist circumference, and standard 12-lead ECG was performed on 3,086 subjects at a health promotion center of a university hospital from March to April, 2003. We excluded: 37 subjects whose ECG or body measurement was not performed, 17 with a past history of cardiac disease or current cardiac medications which can influence QTc interval, 9 taking neuropsychiatric medications, 25 with abnormal serum concentration of potassium or calcium, 1 foreigner and 59 with underweight. First, we studied the correlation between BMI and waist circumference. Then, we analyzed the relationship between QTc interval prolongation and the index of obesity. RESULTS: A total of 2,938 subjects consisted of 2,411 men and 527 women. BMI and waist circumference were shown to have a significant correlation with QTc interval after age was adjusted in men (P<0.01, P<0.01). The odds ratio between QTc interval prolongation and the subjects of normal, overweight, and obesity by BMI were not significant in both men and women. In men with abdominal obesity, the odds ratio between QTc interval prolongation and abdominal obesity by waist circumference was 1.33 (0.99~1.79). CONCLUSION: In men, abdominal obesity was shown a positive correlation with QTc interval prolongation. But these results were not statistically significant.
Adult ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Body Mass Index ; Calcium ; Death, Sudden ; Electrocardiography* ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal* ; Odds Ratio ; Overweight ; Potassium ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Thinness ; Torsades de Pointes ; Ventricular Fibrillation ; Waist Circumference