BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle is well established as a major target organ of insulin action, and is associated with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we attempted to determine whether a variation in serum creatinine is related to the development of type 2 diabetes and other risk factors for diabetes. METHODS: A total of 2,676 nondiabetic subjects with stable and normal renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate >60 mL/min/1.73 m2) were followed up for approximately 4.5 years. New onset diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) > or =7.0 mmol/L, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) > or =6.5%, or subjects taking antidiabetic agents. Variation of serum creatinine (DeltaCre) was defined as a difference between follow-up and baseline creatinine. In subgroup analysis, body composition was examined by bioelectric impedance analysis method. RESULTS: A total of 106 subjects were diagnosed with new-onset diabetes during the follow-up period. Baseline serum creatinine was not different between the new-onset diabetes and no diabetes groups. Negative DeltaCre (DeltaCre <0) showed an association with increased risk of type 2 diabetes after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, FPG, HbA1c, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (odds ratio, 1.885; 95% confidence interval, 1.127 to 3.153). Serum creatinine level demonstrated positive correlation with muscle mass and negative correlation with percentage of body fat in body composition analysis. CONCLUSION: Serum creatinine reflected body muscle mass and the decrease of serum creatinine might be regarded as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Adipose Tissue ; Blood Pressure ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Creatinine ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Electric Impedance ; Fasting ; Follow-Up Studies ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Glucose ; Hemoglobins ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin ; Lipoproteins ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscles ; Plasma ; Risk Factors

Lung cancer is one of the most common types of malignancy in western nations with serious health problem, and it has become the leading cause of cancer death of males, second only to stomach cancer, in Korea. A review of the histopathology of 1363 cases (1231 patients) of lung carcinoma, diagnosed at the Keimyung University Medical center from 1987 to 1996, was performed to reclassify the type of carcinomas and to investigate the change in the distribution of histologic types of lung carcinoma according to age, sex and year. Among the 1363 cases, 132 patients underwent a surgical operation after biopsy. The diagnosis of each case was proven by histopathologic analysis of surgical specimens (13.2%) and biopsy materials (86.8%). The histologic types in our study were basically based on modified WHO classification (1982) and on new WHO classification (1999). The classification of small cell carcinoma was based on International Association for the Small Cell Lung Cancer (IASLC, 1988). Of the 1231 patients with lung carcinoma, 1012 were male and 219 were female (male to female ratio was 3.6:1). According to the analysis of age distribution, the most prevalent age group was 60~69 years in both sex as (n=516, 42.0%). Changing trends in sex distribution of lung carcinoma patients showed that the proportion of men had decreased throughout the years, whereas the proportion of women had significantly increased. Histologically, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common (n=624, 50.7%), followed by small cell carcinoma (21.1%), adenocarcinoma (18.1%), large cell undifferentiated carcinoma (2.1%), adenosquamous carcinoma (0.4%), and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (0.4%), in order of frequency. In men, squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent type (55.1%). In women, adenocarcinoma was the most frequent type (39.7%). In both sexes, adenocarcinoma was the most common type in patients under the age of 40 (n=12, 41.4%), while squamous cell carcinoma proved the most frequent type in patients over the age of 40 (n=617, 51.3%). Changing trends of histologic types of lung cancer showed that the incidences of squamous cell carcinoma had significantly decreased throughout the years, whereas those of adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma had increased. In conclusion, the results showing increases in the percentage of female patients and in the number of cases of adenocarcinoma were noteworthy, and well correlated with other related reports.
Academic Medical Centers ; Adenocarcinoma ; Age Distribution ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma ; Carcinoma, Adenosquamous ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung* ; Male ; Sex Distribution ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; Stomach Neoplasms

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of case-based learning (CBL) on learning motivation and learning satisfaction of nursing students in a human physiology course. METHODS: The development and application of CBL scenarios was conducted from February to June, 2013. Nursing students (n=142) who registered for a human physiology course were assigned into either a control or CLB group. The control group received traditional lectures for 14 weeks. The CBL group received the same 14-week lectures and an additional 5 CBL sessions. The learning motivation and satisfaction were measured by questionnaires at the beginning and the end of the semester. Seven students in the CBL group were randomly selected for a focus-group interview. Quantitative data were analyzed by chi2-test and t-test, and qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. RESULTS: The learning motivation and learning satisfaction were not significantly different between the two groups. However, 59% of the CBL group answered with a positive impression on the CBL approach as it helped them to feel a sense of achievement, excitement, to form their identity as nursing students, and so on. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the CBL could be a challenging but useful learning method in a physiology course for nursing students. Further studies with guidance, such as instructors' questions and feedback design are needed to utilize CBL more effectively.
Humans ; Humans* ; Learning* ; Lectures ; Motivation* ; Nursing* ; Physiology* ; Students, Nursing*

No abstract available.
Aged ; Humans

No abstract available.
Isoniazid* ; Poisoning*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality.METHODS: This is a systematic review of randomized controlled trial studies (PROSPERO registration number CRD42017064519). In this study, the PICO were adults and the elderly, aromatherapy intervention, a comparative intervention with the control and placebo oil groups, and sleep. The selected articles were in English, Korean, and Chinese.RESULTS: The results of the meta-analysis showed that the effect sizes of the experimental group were 1.03 (n=763, SMD=1.03, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.39) (Z=5.47, p<.001). In the aromatherapy intervention group, the effect size of sleep was statistically significant (Q(B)=9.39, df=2, p=.009), with a difference of 0.77 for inhalation, 1.12 for oral intake and 2.05 for massage. A post-analysis showed that the effect of massage on sleep was significantly greater than the inhalation method. The regression coefficient of the intervention period, B=0.01 (Z=1.43, p=.154), also showed that the longer the intervention period, the larger the effect size; however, it was not statistically significant.CONCLUSION: A total of 23 literature analyses showed that aromatherapy is effective in improving quality of sleep, and the massage method is more effective in improving quality of sleep than the inhalation method. A meta-ANOVA showed that the aromatherapy intervention affected the high heterogeneity of the effect size. Thus, future research with stricter control in methods and experimental procedures is necessary.
Adult ; Aged ; Aromatherapy ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Massage ; Methods ; Population Characteristics

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality. Methods: This is a systematic review of randomized controlled trial studies (PROSPERO registration number CRD42017064519). In this study, the PICO were adults and the elderly, aromatherapy intervention, a comparative intervention with the control and placebo oil groups, and sleep. The selected articles were in English, Korean, and Chinese. Results: The results of the meta-analysis showed that the effect sizes of the experimental group were 1.03 (n=763, SMD=1.03, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.39) (Z=5.47, p<.001). In the aromatherapy intervention group, the effect size of sleep was statistically significant (QB =9.39, df=2, p=.009), with a difference of 0.77 for inhalation, 1.12 for oral intake and 2.05 for massage. A post-analysis showed that the effect of massage on sleep was significantly greater than the inhalation method. The regression coefficient of the intervention period, B=0.01 (Z=1.43, p=.154), also showed that the longer the intervention period, the larger the effect size; however, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion A total of 23 literature analyses showed that aromatherapy is effective in improving quality of sleep, and the massage method is more effective in improving quality of sleep than the inhalation method. A meta-ANOVA showed that the aromatherapy intervention affected the high heterogeneity of the effect size. Thus, future research with stricter control in methods and experimental procedures is necessary.

Purpose: This study aimed to conduct a qualitative synthesis of workplace bullying experiences among nurses in Republic of Korea. Methods: Following the PRISMA guideline, a literature search was conducted using seven domestic and three international databases. Studies published in Korean or English from inception to December 31, 2022 were included. A meta-aggregation approach suggested by the Joanna Briggs Institute was used to synthesize the research findings. Results: Fourteen studies were included in this review. As a result of a data analysis of the selected studies, 199 subthemes and supporting illustrations were identified and grouped into 36 related categories. Based on the subthemes and categories, five synthesized findings were developed: (1) the individual and organizational causes of workplace bullying; (2) the various types of physical violence and psychological harassment; (3) the negative impact of workplace bullying and its effect on self-growth; (4) active and passive coping efforts in dealing with bullying; and (5) strategies for preventing bullying incidents. Conclusion Based on the synthesized findings, four recommendations were made: (1) improving the challenging working conditions for nurses; (2) enhancing educational programs for new nursing graduates; and (3) promoting proactive responses from nursing managers in conjunction with an expansion of resilience training for nursing students. Finally, to address the issue of workplace bullying, (4) multi-center and multi-level research involving nursing organizations needs to be conducted.

A dysfunction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response can result in various diseases, including cancer, inflammation, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. To investigate whether ER stress response can play an essential role in the induction and treatment of chronic constipation, alterations in the key parameters for ER stress were measured in loperamide (Lop) induced constipation Sprague Dawley (SD) rats treated with aqueous extracts of Liriope platyphylla (AEtLP), which has been shown to have a laxative effect. Symptoms of chronic constipation including alteration of stool parameters and the transverse colon's structure were successfully induced by Lop treatment. Laxative effects such as enhancement of stools parameters, recovery of the mucosa thickness, increased muscle thickness and recovery of flat luminal surface were also observed in the Lop+AEtLP treated group. Furthermore, enhancement of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) phosphorylation and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 beta (IRE1β) expression, key indicators for ER stress, that were observed in the Lop+vehicle treated group were significantly recovered in the Lop+AEtLP treated group, although the phosphorylation level of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) remained constant. Moreover, alterations in the transcription level of the marker genes X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34) were similar to those of eIF2α and IRE1β. However, their level was slightly or completely recovered after AEtLP treatment. Overall, this study provides the first evidence that ER stress response may be tightly correlated with chronic constipation induced by Lop treatment, as well as the laxative effects of AEtLP.
Animals ; Carrier Proteins ; Constipation* ; DNA ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum* ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 ; Inflammation ; Loperamide ; Mucous Membrane ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Phenobarbital ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases ; Rats*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The protective effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor against ischemia/reperfusion injury has been demonstrated in animal models, however the effect of AT1 receptor antagonist is contradictory. The present study was designed to investigate the myocardial protective effects of the AT1 receptor antagonist irbesartan during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 45-minute left coronary artery ligation followed by a 2-hour re-perfusion. An inert vehicle (group I:n=14) or irbesartan (50 mg/kg/day:group II, n=12) was administered for 3 days before coronary occlusion. The ratio of the myocardial infarct area to the ischemic area at risk was assessed through triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Apoptosis was evaluated by analyzing DNA fragmentation and TdT-mediated dUDP nick end labeling staining. Western blot analysis was performed for MAP Kinases (ERK1/2 and p38) and Bcl-2 and Bax. RESULTS: The ratio of the infarct area to the ischemic area at risk of group II was smaller than that of group I (42.6+/-2.7% vs. 64.1+/-4.6%;p<0.005). Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed discrete DNA laddering in the ischemic zone of group I, however DNA ladder formation was attenuated in group II. The expressions of ERK1 MAPK and Bcl-2 were increased in the ischemic area of group II compared to that of group I. CONCLUSION: AT1 receptor antagonist was effective in reducing myocardial reperfusion injury in vivo. This effect can at least be partially attributed to the attenuation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and this anti-apoptotic effect appears to be related to the increased expression of Bcl-2 and alterations in MAP kinase signaling.
Angiotensin II* ; Angiotensins* ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Coronary Occlusion ; Coronary Vessels ; DNA ; DNA Fragmentation ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Ligation ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Models, Animal ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia* ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Phosphotransferases ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Angiotensin ; Reperfusion Injury* ; Reperfusion*