BACKGROUND: The apnea test is an essential component in the clinical determination of brain death, however it may incur a significant risk of complications such as hypotension, hypoxia and even cardiac arrest. We analyzed the risk factors associated with a failed apnea test during brain death assessment in order to predict and avoid these adverse events. METHODS: Medical records on apnea tests performed for brain-dead donors at our institution between January 2009 and January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Age, gender, etiology of brain death, use of catecholamines and results of arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure prior to apnea test initiation were collected as variables. A-a gradient and P(aO2)/F(iO2) were calculated for more precise assessment of the respiratory system. In total, 267 cases were divided into two groups based on those who completed the apnea test and those who failed the test. RESULTS: 13 cases failed the apnea test. Among them, seven cases failed due to severe hypotension (SBP < 60 mmHg) and the others failed due to refractory hypoxia. In terms of hemodynamic state, SBP was significantly higher in the completed test group than the failed group (126.5 ± 23.9 vs. 103 ± 15.2, respectively; p = 0.001). In ABGA, the completed test group showed significantly higher P(aO2)/F(iO2) (313.6 ± 229.8 vs. 141.5 ± 131.0, respectively; p = 0.008) and a lower A-a gradient (278.2 ± 209.5 vs. 506.2 ± 173.1, respectively; p = 0.000). In multivariable analysis, low SBP (p = 0.003) and high A-a gradient (p = 0.044) were independent risk factors associated with a failed apnea test. CONCLUSIONS: Although the unexpected adverse events during the apnea test for brain death determination do not occur frequently, they can be fatal. If a brain-dead patient has low SBP and a high A-a gradient, clinicians should pay more attention and prepare for potential complications prior to the apnea test.
Anoxia ; Apnea* ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Brain Death* ; Brain* ; Catecholamines ; Causality ; Central Venous Pressure ; Heart Arrest ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Medical Records ; Respiratory System ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Tissue Donors

PURPOSE: To present a case of orbital inflammation and optic perineuritis preceding vesicular eruption in herpes zoster ophthalmicus(HZO). CASE SUMMARY: An 84-year-old woman with a history of gall bladder cancer and hypertension complained of left periorbital erythematous edema and discomfort. On examination, visual acuity was 20/25 bilaterally; no tenderness, proptosis or ophthalmoplegia was observed. Pupils were equal, round, and reactive to light without relative afferent pupillary defects. Slit-lamp examination revealed severe conjunctival injection and chemosis without keratitis or uveitis. The remainder of the ocular examination was unremarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed left-sided preseptal swelling with an enlarged left lacrimal gland, high signal intensity of the retrobulbar fat and optic nerve sheath. Systemic antibiotic therapy with steroids was started under a presumed diagnosis of idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease, but the clinical presentation was unresolved. After 2 days, vesicular lesions confined to the first division of the trigeminal nerve and pseudodendritic keratitis developed on the left side leading to a diagnosis of HZO. Treatment with acyclovir immediately resolved anterior segment inflammation and periorbital edema. While on therapy, visual acuity deteriorated to 20/125 and the pupil became dilated and unresponsive to light over a few days. All signs and symptoms of acute orbitopathy and postherpetic neuralgia had resolved 3 months later with the exception of pupil abnormality and visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: HZO may present with symptoms and signs of orbital inflammation and optic perineuritis even in the absence of a vesicular rash. Thus, HZO should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained acute orbital syndromes.
Acyclovir ; Aged, 80 and over ; Dacryocystitis ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Edema ; Exanthema ; Exophthalmos ; Female ; Gallbladder Neoplasms ; Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus* ; Herpes Zoster* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Inflammation* ; Keratitis ; Lacrimal Apparatus ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuralgia, Postherpetic ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Optic Nerve ; Orbit* ; Pupil ; Pupil Disorders ; Steroids ; Trigeminal Nerve ; Uveitis ; Visual Acuity

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, central obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In NAFLD, insulin resistance plays an important role in the progression of liver damage. In this study, we evaluated insulin resistance, plasma adiponectin, hepatic steatosis, and their association in adults with normal liver transaminase concentrations. METHODS: We analyzed 111 subjects, aged over 20 years old, who visited the Health Management Center at Chung-Ang University Hospital between May 2006 and August 2006. They had neither history nor clinical evidence of diabetes, cardiovascular or liver disease. They were divided into three groups by the degree of hepatic steatosis based on ultrasound findings. Anthropometric parameters were measured and blood samples were drawn after eight hours of fasting. RESULTS: Hepatic steatosis had a positive correlation with body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and QUICKI. Moreover, it had a negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin. Triglycerides, Adiponectin, and QUICKI were independent variables in predicting the degree of hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION: This finding suggests that triglycerides and plasma adiponectin are independent predictors of hepatic steatosis in adults with normal liver transaminase concentrations.
Adiponectin ; Adult ; Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Dyslipidemias ; Fatty Liver ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipoproteins ; Liver ; Liver Diseases ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Plasma ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference

No abstract available.
Animals ; Horns ; Molluscum Contagiosum

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of case-based learning (CBL) on learning motivation and learning satisfaction of nursing students in a human physiology course. METHODS: The development and application of CBL scenarios was conducted from February to June, 2013. Nursing students (n=142) who registered for a human physiology course were assigned into either a control or CLB group. The control group received traditional lectures for 14 weeks. The CBL group received the same 14-week lectures and an additional 5 CBL sessions. The learning motivation and satisfaction were measured by questionnaires at the beginning and the end of the semester. Seven students in the CBL group were randomly selected for a focus-group interview. Quantitative data were analyzed by chi2-test and t-test, and qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. RESULTS: The learning motivation and learning satisfaction were not significantly different between the two groups. However, 59% of the CBL group answered with a positive impression on the CBL approach as it helped them to feel a sense of achievement, excitement, to form their identity as nursing students, and so on. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the CBL could be a challenging but useful learning method in a physiology course for nursing students. Further studies with guidance, such as instructors' questions and feedback design are needed to utilize CBL more effectively.
Humans ; Humans* ; Learning* ; Lectures ; Motivation* ; Nursing* ; Physiology* ; Students, Nursing*

No abstract available.
Ovarian Neoplasms*

OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to examine the prevalence of neuroleptic-induced irregular menstruation and its related factors as well as the possible relationship of irregular menstruation with psychopathology and extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenic patients. METHODS: Thirty five schizophrenic inpatients at Naju National Mental Hospital who satisfied the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV were selected. They had drug-free periods for more than 1 month before admission and had been taking neuroleptics for more than 3 months after admission. From all patients, reliable information regarding the sociodemographic characteristics, the menstrual histories before and after admission and clinical characteristics, including previous and current medications were investigated. The following were also evaluated: Serum prolactin level(by radioimmunoassay), psychopathology(by positive and negative syndrome scale: PANSS), and extrapyramidal symptoms(by extrapyramidal symptom rating scale: ESRS). RESULTS: Twelve patients(34%) showed regular menstruation and 23 patients(66%) were suffering from irregular menstruation. Of those with irregular menstruation, 13 patients(37%) had oligomenorrhea and 10 patients(29%) had amenorrhea. There were no differences in sociodemographic characteristics and menstrual histories before admission between the regular and irregular menstruation groups. But, the significant differences between the two were found in the following variables: The irregular menstruation group had shorter durations of illness, higher daily doses of current neuroleptics, higher serum prolactin levels, higher scores on the general psychopathology scale of PANSS, and higher scores on the parkinsonian symptom scale, hypokinetic symptom factor and clinical global impression of ESRS. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of the irregular menstruation in schizophrenic patients reflects a state of hyperprolactinemia due to the interference of dopamine activity by high doses of neuroleptics.
Amenorrhea ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Dopamine ; Female ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Hyperprolactinemia ; Inpatients ; Jeollanam-do ; Menstruation* ; Oligomenorrhea ; Prevalence ; Prolactin ; Psychopathology ; Schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: There is concem about the rising incidence of skin cancer. However, few articles have reported the change in the clinical and epidemiological aspects of skin cancer. OBJECTIVE: We performed this study in order to clarifiy the recent changes in cutaneous premalignant and malignant lesions. METHODS: A statistical analysis was made using 101 cases of cutaneous premalignant lesions and 205 cases of ma]ignant tumors out of a total number of 20,175 new outpatients that visited the Department of Dermatology at the Seoul National University Hospital during a 6 year period(1990-1995). RESULTS: The frequency of premalignant lesions was 0.50% and that of malignant tumors was 1.02%. The frequency showed an increasing tendency compared to previous reports. In the premalignant lesion cases, actinic keratosis was most common and represented a figure of 82.2%. Among the malignant tumors, basal cell carcinoma was most frequent at 24.4%. Age, sex and anatomical site distribution of basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma was no different. The mean age of squamous cell carcinoma was greater than in previous reports and main preceding lesions were actinic keratosis and cheilitis. The frequency of lymphoma was markedly increased but the reason for this remains to be determined. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed the continous increasing incidence of skin cancers and emphasize the need for public eduacation, early diagnosis and proper treatment.
Carcinoma, Basal Cell ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cheilitis ; Dermatology ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Keratosis, Actinic ; Lymphoma ; Melanoma ; Outpatients ; Seoul ; Skin Neoplasms ; Statistics as Topic*

Based on the limitation of biomedical model of tinnitus, more attention has been paid to personalities or psychological aspects. Depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and sleep disturbance were comorbid illnesses of tinnitus and research showed that neurobiological mechanisms such as dysfunction of limbic system or HPA axis were common in tinnitus and affective disorders and that comorbid psychiatric disorders enhanced the negative outcome of tinnitus. Recently, more attention is being paid to the relation of tinnitus with personality and the role of stress. Although the causal relation of personality and tinnitus is unclear, stress in itself showed that it can be a trigger in the development of tinnitus, and stress of tinnitus can cause adverse effects. Since the effect of fear-related cognition such as catastrophic thought about tinnitus was revealed more recently, its therapeutic implication should be explored. This review will describe the product of previous research and discuss future direction about psychological factors related to tinnitus.
Anxiety Disorders ; Cognition ; Depressive Disorder ; Limbic System ; Mood Disorders ; Psychology* ; Tinnitus*

Annular atrophic lichen planus(AALP) is the most unusual variant of lichen planus that results from elastolytic activity of inflammatory cells. We report a case of AALP in 22-year-old man who had two annular pruritic plaques on the axilla. He had a two year history of skin lesions. Each lesion had elevated erythematous annular border with hyperpigmented atrophic macular center. Histopathologically, it showed typical features of lichen planus in the border of the lesion while a pattern of resolved lichen planus in its center. Elastic fibers was not found in the papillary dermis either at the border or at the center of the lesion.
Axilla ; Dermis ; Elastic Tissue ; Humans ; Lichen Planus* ; Lichens* ; Skin ; Young Adult