The chest radiographs and angiograms were retrospectively evaluated in 47 patients with pulmonary atresia (PA) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) to determine the characteristic findings of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCSs) on the chest radiographs. Of 47 patients, 23 had MAPCAs and 24 had only PDA for blood supply of whole right and left lung. Chest radiographs enabled identification of 16 of 23 patients with MAPCAs. The most common finding of MAPCAs was inappropriately large peripheral pulmonary vasculature (n=16, 69.6%). The other findings were tortuosity of pulmonary vasculature (n=12, 52.2%), focal unevendistribution of pulmonary vasculature (n=12, 52.2%), and two descending pulmonary arteries (n=4, 17.4%). When chest radiographs showed two or more findings of MAPCAs, MAPCAs could be differentiated from PDA with statistical significance (p<0.005). It is concluded that chest radiographs may help to identify MAPCAs before angiography if two-dimensional echo ardiography suggests PA with VSD.
Angiography ; Arteries* ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular* ; Humans ; Lung ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Atresia* ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Retrospective Studies ; Thorax*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Intracranial Hemorrhages* ; Vitamin K* ; Vitamins*

Chronic bronchiolitis is a condition associated with cigarette smoking, and later associated with pulmonary parenchymal alteration and progressive deterioration of lung function. Early respiratory bronchiolitis was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats by indirect inhalation of cigarette smoke daily in a smoke exposure chamber designed by authors for 1 month. Experimental group A (n=5) was sacrificed after having smoked 30 cigarettes, group B (n=5) after 80 cigarette, and group C (n=7) after 140 cigarettes, respectively. Examination of morphologic changes in the lungs was done on light microscope, transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Light microscopically, increase in number of goblet cells in the bronchial mucosa, brown-pigmented macrophages in the alveoli, multifocal alveolar collapse adjacent to the bronchioles, dilatation of alveolar ducts and alveolar spaces were observed. Transmission electron microscopically, irregularly shaped Clara cells, alveolar wall collapse, and focally type I epithelial cell injury were seen. Scanning electron microscopically, scattered alveolar collapse, irregular dilatation of alveolar ducts, alveolar spaces and interalveolar pores (pores of Kohn) were seen. The terminal and respiratory bronchioles showed morphological alteration of Clara cells, but no evidence of cellular bronchiolitis or bronchiolar obstruction. We conclude that sidestream smoke induces an early respiratory bronchiolitis including aggregates of brown pigmented macrophages and varying degrees of structural alteration of adjacent pulmonary parenchyma.
Bronchioles ; Bronchiolitis ; Dilatation ; Epithelial Cells ; Goblet Cells ; Inhalation ; Lung ; Macrophages ; Mucous Membrane ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Smoke* ; Smoking ; Tobacco Products*

Fournier's gangrene is a rare infection with high mortality rate. it consists of a mixed bacterial infectin of the skin, subcutaneous tissues and superficial fascia of the perinium and genitalia. Old patients especially with diabetes mellitus, alcoholism and maligancy are more affected. This disease requires prompt treatment: early diagnosis, broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, nutritional support and immediate extensive surgial debridement are necessary We report one case of Fournier's gangrene associated with diabetes mellitus.
Alcoholism ; Debridement ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Early Diagnosis ; Fournier Gangrene* ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Mortality ; Nutritional Support ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is hardly controllable organism among the pathogen of nosocomial infection, because it is resistant to most antibiotics except vancomycin and local treatment with most antiseptics are not effective to eradicate MRSA from the infected wounds. There is increasing fear that MRSA infection can be spread widely in the hospitals. The effectiveness of Gentian Violet against MRSA was reported by Saji et al in 1992 for the first time. We tried Gentian Violet dressing on MRSA infected wounds to evaluate whether at not the Gentian Violet is effective to eradicate 11RSA which existed in the open wound. METHODS: 24 patients were treated by wet dressing with 0.1%Gentian Violet soaked gauze twice daily. They included 10 cases of sacral and trochanteric pressure sore, 6 cases of postoperative wound infectious, 3 cases of posttraumatic skin defects, 2 cases of DM foot, 1 case of post infectious skin defect and 2 cases of electrical burn, The wound culture was evaluated for elimination of MRSA infection twice weekly. RESULTS: The clinical results revealed that MRSA was not detected in all cases within 34days (average 13.5 days) after topical administration 0.1% Gentian Violet. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence of tissue irritation with Gentian Violet dressing on open wound or wound margin. After negative conversion of MRSA with Gentian Violet dressing, gram (-) organism was isolated in a half of the cases. 0.1% Gentian Violet topical administration is a useful treatment method of wound infection with MRSA.
Administration, Topical ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local ; Bandages* ; Burns ; Cross Infection ; Femur ; Foot ; Gentian Violet* ; Gentiana* ; Humans ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus* ; Pressure Ulcer ; Skin ; Vancomycin ; Viola ; Wound Infection* ; Wounds and Injuries*

Radiation from natural sources is one of causes of the environmental diseases. Radon is the leading environmental cause of lung cancer next to smoking. To investigate the relationship between indoor radon concentrations and lung cancer, researchers must be able to estimate an individual’s cumulative level of indoor radon exposure and to do so, one must first be able to assess indoor radon concentrations. In this article, we outline factors affecting indoor radon concentrations and review related mathematical models based on the mass balance equation and the differential equations. Furthermore, we suggest the necessities of applying time-dependent functions for indoor radon concentrations and developing stochastic models.
Lung Neoplasms ; Models, Theoretical* ; Radon* ; Smoke ; Smoking

No abstract available.
Bandages* ; Gentian Violet* ; Gentiana* ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus* ; Wounds and Injuries*

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical features and risk factors of ischemic third, fourth, sixth cranial nerve palsy. METHODS: Retrospectively, we reviewed the medical records of 46 eyes of 46 patients who were diagnosed with ischemic third, fourth, sixth nerve palsy alone such as age of onset, risk factors, recovery rate and recovery time. RESULTS: The mean age of onset was 64.9 years. Of the 46 patients, 15 patients (32.6%) in third cranial nerve palsy group, 15 patients (32.6%) in fourth cranial nerve palsy group, 16 patients (34.8%) in sixth cranial nerve palsy group. The risk factor of hypertension in 30 patients (65.2%) was the most common than other risk factors such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, elevated blood hematocrit, ischemic heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, smoking. The mean number of risk factors was 2.3 +/- 0.5 in third cranial nerve palsy group, 1.6 +/- 1.1 in sixth cranial nerve palsy group, 1.4 +/- 1.1 in fourth cranial nerve palsy group. Of the 46 patients, 42 patients (91.3%) were recovered. There was no significant difference in recovery rate by cranial nerve palsy. Recovery time of intracranial abnormalities group (10.5 +/- 2.9 weeks) in brain imaging study was late as compared with that of no intracranial abnormalities group (7.5 +/- 5.1 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: The overall recovery rate of isolated ischemic third, fourth, sixth cranial nerve was high. But if there are intracranial abnormalities in imaging study, it took a long time to recover. Also ischemic third cranial nerve palsy had multiple risk factors characteristically.
Abducens Nerve ; Abducens Nerve Diseases ; Age of Onset ; Cranial Nerve Diseases* ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; Medical Records ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Neuroimaging ; Oculomotor Nerve ; Paralysis ; Prognosis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Trochlear Nerve Diseases

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical features and risk factors of ischemic third, fourth, sixth cranial nerve palsy. METHODS: Retrospectively, we reviewed the medical records of 46 eyes of 46 patients who were diagnosed with ischemic third, fourth, sixth nerve palsy alone such as age of onset, risk factors, recovery rate and recovery time. RESULTS: The mean age of onset was 64.9 years. Of the 46 patients, 15 patients (32.6%) in third cranial nerve palsy group, 15 patients (32.6%) in fourth cranial nerve palsy group, 16 patients (34.8%) in sixth cranial nerve palsy group. The risk factor of hypertension in 30 patients (65.2%) was the most common than other risk factors such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, elevated blood hematocrit, ischemic heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, smoking. The mean number of risk factors was 2.3 +/- 0.5 in third cranial nerve palsy group, 1.6 +/- 1.1 in sixth cranial nerve palsy group, 1.4 +/- 1.1 in fourth cranial nerve palsy group. Of the 46 patients, 42 patients (91.3%) were recovered. There was no significant difference in recovery rate by cranial nerve palsy. Recovery time of intracranial abnormalities group (10.5 +/- 2.9 weeks) in brain imaging study was late as compared with that of no intracranial abnormalities group (7.5 +/- 5.1 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: The overall recovery rate of isolated ischemic third, fourth, sixth cranial nerve was high. But if there are intracranial abnormalities in imaging study, it took a long time to recover. Also ischemic third cranial nerve palsy had multiple risk factors characteristically.
Abducens Nerve ; Abducens Nerve Diseases ; Age of Onset ; Cranial Nerve Diseases* ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; Medical Records ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Neuroimaging ; Oculomotor Nerve ; Paralysis ; Prognosis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Trochlear Nerve Diseases