No abstract available.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation*

Mothers with cerebral palsy children have much stress that is related to the care of children with cerebral palsy and to other household duties, and this state of the mother has an effect on the cerebral palsy child and on other household member. Mothers in such stressful situations use various coping patterns. The purpose of this study was as follows : to develop instruments that can be used for measuring the stress and coping patterns of mothers with cerebral palsy children, and to test a hypothetical model on the relationship between the mother's stress, her coping patterns and the variable affecting the stress and coping patterns. The result of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. The stress scale was composed of 44 items and Cronbach's alpha was .94, and the coping pattern scale was composed of 19 items and Cronbach's alpha was .80. The mean score of stress scale was 136.12 out of a total of 220, and the mean score of the coping scale was 72.87 in a total of 95. 2. In test of the hypothetical model, it was found that extra-care demand, the support of the husband, the degree of handicap, health status and self-esteem had statistically significant influence on the mother's stress(r=.285,-.262,-.133,-.126). And the support of the husband, formal support, informal support, and economic status were found to have statistically significant influence on the mother's coping patterns(r=.412, .178, .178, .138).
Cerebral Palsy* ; Child* ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Spouses ; Child Health

Korean student nurses may be exposed to stress caused by their future employment (employment stress). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a Laughter Program on psychological stress, by assessing salivary cortisol and the subjective happiness of student nurses in order to relieve employment stress.

No abstract available.
Spine*

BACKGROUND: Epidurally administered clonidine represents an approach to control the pain after cesarean section that produces analgesia by an alpha 2-adrenergic mechanism and may provide postoperative analgesia without nausea, pruritus, and respiratory depression associated with systemic or intraspinal opioid administration. This study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic effect according to the dose of appropriate bolus and the combination of epidural morphine and clonidine after cesarean section. METHOD: Forty five women, ASA physical status 1 or 2, scheduled for elective cesarean section were randomly assigned to receive epidural administration for postoperative pain control. Group A (n=15) received 1 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 150 g clonidine. Group B received 2 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 300 g clonidine. Group C received 3 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 450 g clonidine. Each combination of drug was injected at Bromage scale 1 after surgery. RESULTS: All groups showed relatively stable hemodynamic status. Analgesic effect was significantly better in Group B and C than Group A (p<0.05). Sedative effect was not a problem in all groups. The incidence of side effects in Group C was more than Group B, which than Group A, but almost cases did not require treatment. CONCLUSION: 2 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 300 g clonidine with excellent analgesic effect and less side effects is considered as adequate dose in postoperative pain control after cesarean section with epidural anesthesia.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Cesarean Section* ; Clonidine* ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Incidence ; Morphine* ; Nausea ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pregnancy ; Pruritus ; Respiratory Insufficiency

To evaluate the effectiveness of intrauterine insemination (IUI) in the treatment of infertility, timed-intercourse and intrauterine insemination by husband in stimulated cycles with clomiphene citrate and gonadotropins were compared in a total of 105 cycles. Patients received 100 mg of clomiphene citrate daily for 5 days starting on day 3 of the menstrual cycle followed by hMG or FSH. Doses of exogenous gonadotropins were adjusted by the follicular development and concentrations of serum estradiol (E2). More than 3 follicles reaching >16 mm were present in the ovary, 5,000 IU of hCG was administered intramusculary. Patients received a maximum of three intercourse or IUI cycles for the treatment. Severe male (<10x106 motile sperm) or age factor (>39 y) patients were excluded in this study. Pregnancy was classified as clinical if a gestational sac or fetal cardiac activity was seen on ultrasound. The overall clinical pregnancy rates were 17.1% per cycle (18/105) and 21.2% per patient (18/85). The pregnancy rates (per cycle) were 17.5% (l1/63) in intercourse and 16.7% (7/42) in IUI groups, respectively. IUI had no significant improvement in pregnancy rate compared with timed-intercourse. The multiple pregnancy rates were 11.1% (1 twin and 1 triplet). No patient developed ovarian hyperstimulation. Abortion rate was 28.6% (2/7) in IUI group only. The delivery and ongoing pregnancy rates were 15.2% per cycle (16/105) and 18.8% per patient (16/85). There were no differences in age, duration of infertility, follicle size and level of estradiol (E2) on the day of hCG injection in pregnant and non-pregnant groups. However, total doses of gonadotropins were higher in pregnant group than in non-pregnant group (p<0.01). Pregnancy rate was not affected by ovulatory status at the time of insemination. These results indicate that well timed-intercourse in stimulated cycles is as effective as IUI for infertile couples.
Abortion, Induced ; Age Factors ; Clomiphene* ; Estradiol ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Gestational Sac ; Gonadotropins* ; Humans ; Infertility ; Insemination* ; Male ; Menstrual Cycle ; Ovary ; Pregnancy Rate* ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnancy, Multiple ; Spouses ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation between the feeling of powerlessness, social support and life satisfaction in the elderly. METHODS: The subjects were 158 old people aged over 65 who were attending one of one college and three settlement houses for senior citizens located in B city. RESULTS: The relationship between the feeling of powerlessness and life satisfaction was in a moderate negative correlation with each other (r=-.433, p=.000). The relationship between social support and life satisfaction was in a moderate positive correlation with each other (r=.410, p=.000). It was found that the higher social support was, the higher life satisfaction was. There was remarkable difference in the form of family (F=2.69, p=.023), the form of residence (F=5.29, p=.002), whether to belong to a group (F=2.26, p=.025). CONCLUSION: For the reasons stated above, as the feeling of powerlessness is lower and social support is higher, life satisfaction is higher. The results clearly show that in order to improve life satisfaction of the elderly, we need to ease their feeling of powerlessness and enhance social support to them. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a nursing intervention program to reduce powerlessness and to improve social support for the elderly.
Aged* ; Humans ; Nursing

No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Eflornithine* ; Estrogens ; Humans* ; MCF-7 Cells ; Phosphorylation* ; Polyamines

Megameatus intact prepuce variant is an unusual anterior hypospadias variant.This type of hypospadias is the combination of widely splayed coronal or subcoronal megameatus, deep glandular groove, and an intact prepuce.There is no chordee with this variant. The over all incidence of the MIP variant is approximately 3 percent (6 percent of anterior hypospadias). Intact prepuce can lead to possible late recognition of this malformation. MIP variant is one of the most technically challenging types of hypospadias to repair. So, recognition is important because of uncommon combination and technical challenge of this malformation. I report a very rare case of Megameatus Intact Prepuce hypospadias variant and reviewed .the relevant literatures.
Female ; Hypospadias* ; Incidence ; Male

Background: The continuous brachial plexus block brings about the prolongation of surgical anesthesia, postoperative pain relief, and sympathectomy. Methods: The twenty-five patients scheduled for upper extremity operations had been taken the continuous axillary brachial plexus block procedure to relief postoperative pain and, to get the sympathetic block effect. We used local anesthetics less than maximum recommended dose, 0.125% bupivacaine continuously infused at 4 ml/hour via catheter. We adopted the faces pain rating scale to evaluate postoperative pain degree. The faces pain rating scale composed of six faces, based upon the degree of pain. The patients has been asked to choose these rating scale according to their painfulness three times a day for five days. Results: Clinically, we have found the effective decrease in the degree of pain. Systemic toxic reactions, hematoma and infection sign at injected site were not found. Conclusion: The pain of upper extremity after operation was controlled by continuous infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine, 4 ml/hr, usually.
Anesthesia ; Anesthetics, Local ; Brachial Plexus* ; Bupivacaine ; Catheters ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Pain, Postoperative ; Sympathectomy ; Upper Extremity*