No abstract available.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation*

Mothers with cerebral palsy children have much stress that is related to the care of children with cerebral palsy and to other household duties, and this state of the mother has an effect on the cerebral palsy child and on other household member. Mothers in such stressful situations use various coping patterns. The purpose of this study was as follows : to develop instruments that can be used for measuring the stress and coping patterns of mothers with cerebral palsy children, and to test a hypothetical model on the relationship between the mother's stress, her coping patterns and the variable affecting the stress and coping patterns. The result of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. The stress scale was composed of 44 items and Cronbach's alpha was .94, and the coping pattern scale was composed of 19 items and Cronbach's alpha was .80. The mean score of stress scale was 136.12 out of a total of 220, and the mean score of the coping scale was 72.87 in a total of 95. 2. In test of the hypothetical model, it was found that extra-care demand, the support of the husband, the degree of handicap, health status and self-esteem had statistically significant influence on the mother's stress(r=.285,-.262,-.133,-.126). And the support of the husband, formal support, informal support, and economic status were found to have statistically significant influence on the mother's coping patterns(r=.412, .178, .178, .138).
Cerebral Palsy* ; Child* ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Spouses ; Child Health

Korean student nurses may be exposed to stress caused by their future employment (employment stress). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a Laughter Program on psychological stress, by assessing salivary cortisol and the subjective happiness of student nurses in order to relieve employment stress.

No abstract available.
Spine*

BACKGROUND: Epidurally administered clonidine represents an approach to control the pain after cesarean section that produces analgesia by an alpha 2-adrenergic mechanism and may provide postoperative analgesia without nausea, pruritus, and respiratory depression associated with systemic or intraspinal opioid administration. This study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic effect according to the dose of appropriate bolus and the combination of epidural morphine and clonidine after cesarean section. METHOD: Forty five women, ASA physical status 1 or 2, scheduled for elective cesarean section were randomly assigned to receive epidural administration for postoperative pain control. Group A (n=15) received 1 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 150 g clonidine. Group B received 2 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 300 g clonidine. Group C received 3 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 450 g clonidine. Each combination of drug was injected at Bromage scale 1 after surgery. RESULTS: All groups showed relatively stable hemodynamic status. Analgesic effect was significantly better in Group B and C than Group A (p<0.05). Sedative effect was not a problem in all groups. The incidence of side effects in Group C was more than Group B, which than Group A, but almost cases did not require treatment. CONCLUSION: 2 mg morphine and 75 g clonidine bolus followed by 4 mg morphine and 300 g clonidine with excellent analgesic effect and less side effects is considered as adequate dose in postoperative pain control after cesarean section with epidural anesthesia.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Cesarean Section* ; Clonidine* ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Incidence ; Morphine* ; Nausea ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pregnancy ; Pruritus ; Respiratory Insufficiency

No abstract available.
Copper* ; Humans ; Infant Formula* ; Infant* ; Zinc*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prospectively the efficacy and accuracy of transvaginal sonography(TVS), saline infusion sonohysterography(SIS) and hysteroscopy in the exploration of the uterine cavity. METHODS: 71 consecutive patients were evaluated with SIS who showed abnormal TVS findings, using saline instilled through endocervically placed balloon catheter with concurrent vaginal sonography. Among them, 41 patients also underwent hysteroscopy and surgery. Transvaginal sonography, sonohysterography, hysteroscopy were compaired with pathologic reports. RESULTS: Fifty-five of 71 sonohysterogram(77.5%) showed abnormal findings, Among them 41 patients have done hysteroscopy and biopsy. According to pathologic reports, sixteen patients were noted to have myoma(39.0%), twelve patients had polyps (21.3%), and both showed most frequent lesions. TVS, SIS, and hysteroscopy had a sensitivity of 94.4%, 91.1%, 94.4%, and a specificity of 40%, 42.8%, 60.0%, respectively and showed not so much different in detection rate. In case of submucosal myoma and polyps, hysteroscopy showed 100% sensitivity, and 92% specificity and showed much higher detection rate compared with SIS (81.2%, 92.0%). CONCLUSION: Transvaginal sonography and sonohysterography are good office diagnostic test in case of detecting variable gynecologic intrauterine abnormalities.
Biopsy ; Catheters ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Humans ; Hysteroscopy* ; Myoma ; Polyps ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Uterine Hemorrhage*

No abstract available.
Antibody Formation* ; Humans ; Pneumonia*

Megameatus intact prepuce variant is an unusual anterior hypospadias variant.This type of hypospadias is the combination of widely splayed coronal or subcoronal megameatus, deep glandular groove, and an intact prepuce.There is no chordee with this variant. The over all incidence of the MIP variant is approximately 3 percent (6 percent of anterior hypospadias). Intact prepuce can lead to possible late recognition of this malformation. MIP variant is one of the most technically challenging types of hypospadias to repair. So, recognition is important because of uncommon combination and technical challenge of this malformation. I report a very rare case of Megameatus Intact Prepuce hypospadias variant and reviewed .the relevant literatures.
Female ; Hypospadias* ; Incidence ; Male

Afloqualone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant and has been used in therapy for musculotensive diseases. A 35-year-old female had been taking afloqulaone for a left hemifacial spasm for one month. The patient visited our hospital with erythematous papules and patches on the sun exposed area. A photopatch test with afloqualone ointment with the concentration of 0.1%, 1%, 5% turned out negative. An oral provocation test was also done and it showed a positive result with a decrease of MED to UVA (10 J/cm²).
Adult ; Dermatitis, Phototoxic* ; Female ; Hemifacial Spasm ; Humans ; Solar System