Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the mediating effect of happiness on the relationship between gratitude disposition and psychological well-being among nurses working at general hospitals. Methods: The participants were 200 nurses working at general hospitals. A structured questionnaire was administered, and data were collected from November 20, 2020 to December 10, 2020. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear regression with SPSS for Windows 25.0. Results: Gratitude disposition (β=.62, p<.001) and happiness (β=.66, p<.001) were identified as significant predictors of the psychological well-being of clinical nurses. These variables explained 64% of the variance in nurse’s psychological well-being. Moreover, happiness had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between gratitude disposition and psychological well-being. Conclusion In order to improve the psychological well-being of clinical nurses, an emotion management program related to gratitude disposition and happiness should be developed and provided.

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review was to examine aromatherapy interventions for prenatal and postnatal women, and to determine the effectiveness of these interventions on fatigue. Methods: Six national and international databases were reviewed to retrieve and collect studies published up to September 7, 2021, describing randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials of aromatherapy interventions for prenatal and postnatal women’s fatigue. Of the 323 articles initially identified, 64 duplicates were excluded and 259 were screened. After further excluding 216 articles not related to PICO framework, 10 were selected for review. Two reviewers independently selected studies and conducted data extraction and quality appraisal using Cochran’s RoB (Risk of Bias) and RoBANS (Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Studies). Results: The quality of the 10 selected studies was overall satisfactory. A meta-analysis of three studies showed that aromatherapy with lavender oil? produced a 0.75-point reduction in postnatal mothers’ fatigue when compared to control groups. Sleep quality was also analyzed as a secondary outcome of fatigue. A meta-analysis of four studies using lavender and/or orange peel oil found that aromatherapy produced a 0.98-point improvement in postnatal mothers’ quality of sleep. Although a meta-analysis could not be conducted to synthesize the findings for fatigue in pregnant women, inhalation and massage therapy using lavender oil showed positive effects on prenatal fatigue and sleep quality. Conclusion Aromatherapy using lavender oil and orange peel oil is effective in improving prenatal and postnatal fatigue and sleep quality.

PURPOSE: The rising prevalence of childhood obesity may be due to an energy imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. Recently, consumption of beverages in children has increased. The aim of this study is to provide useful information for the prevention and the control of childhood obesity by assessment of variable beverage consumption. METHODS: Fight hundred seventy seven children(M : F=1 : 1.02, mean age; 9.7 years) from two primary schools in Seoul in May 2003 were enrolled. Body mass index(BMI) was calculated and the degree of obesity was classified into normal, overweight and obese groups by BMI percentile. Parental BMI, socio-economic factor, 3-day dietary intake, calory intake and beverage intake were examined by questionnaires. We researched beverages and classified them into six categories, milk, other milk products, soda, sports beverage, other beverage. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity was 7.2%. The parental BMI of the obese group were higher than those of the other groups. There was no significant difference in birth weight, or parents' intellectual and economic levels between the obese group and the other groups. There was no significant difference in daily total calory intake between the obese group and the other groups. The obese group of 7-9 year-old-males was higher than the other groups in sodas, and sports beverages intake. The obese group of 10-12 year-old-males was higher than the other groups in total beverage intake and other beverage intakes. The obese group of 10-12 year-old-females was higher than the other groups in other milk products. CONCLUSION: Excessive intake of beverages is associated with childhood obesity. Efforts to decrease intake of beverages may be important approaches to counter the rise in the prevalence of obesity.
Beverages* ; Birth Weight ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Eating ; Energy Metabolism ; Fast Foods ; Humans ; Milk ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Parents ; Pediatric Obesity* ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Sports

PURPOSE: To report a case of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma observed during the patient's first operation. CASE SUMMARY: A 63-year-old female presented with proptosis and ptosis that was aggravated 1 year prior. On preoperative CT image, a 32 x 20 x 21 mm-sized well demarcated mass (suspected as pleomorphic adenoma) was observed and was removed entirely by anterolateral orbitotomy. The excised mass surface was uneven but the capsule appeared intact on gross examination. Hard, yellow-colored and soft, dark-colored materials were found concurrently on cross section. The histological examination showed malignant cells as part of the soft material and was diagnosed as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. CONCLUSIONS: We report a case of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland that presented with malignant change during the patient's first operation. Supposedly, during the process of mass growth, minimal rupture occurred causing malignant transformation. Clinically, although a mass is believed benign based on imaging, the possibility of malignant transformation of a tumor increasing rapidly or enlargement causing development of rapid proptosis should be considered.
Adenoma, Pleomorphic* ; Exophthalmos ; Female ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus ; Middle Aged ; Mixed Tumor, Malignant ; Rupture

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the difference in micronutrient levels between oral feeding and enteral feeding in chronic stroke patients to assess the risks of enteral feeding. METHODS: Patients with chronic stroke who were admitted to the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine between January 2011 and June 2012 were enrolled. The serum concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, folate, and vitamin B12, as well as the absolute CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts, were assessed. RESULTS: Of the 73 patients enrolled in this study, 50 were fed orally, while the other 23 were fed through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) or nasogastric (NG) tube. The serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate were significantly higher in the enteral feeding group than in the oral feeding group. However, the serum concentration of zinc was significantly lower in the enteral feeding group. CONCLUSION: There is little difference between enteral feeding and oral feeding in terms of micronutrient provision except that the serum concentration of zinc in the enteral feeding group was significantly lower than that in the oral feeding group. Clinicians should recognize that chronic stroke patients who require tube feeding have a risk of micronutrient deficiency. Early detection of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency is important for providing the necessary nutrients.
Copper ; Enteral Nutrition* ; Folic Acid ; Gastrostomy ; Humans ; Iron ; Lymphocyte Count ; Malnutrition ; Micronutrients* ; Rehabilitation ; Stroke* ; Vitamin B 12 ; Zinc

BACKGROUND: Obesity not only does increase the incidence of breast cancer, but also affects the course of treatment, recurrence and mortality. This study aims to evaluate on the obesity status of Korean breast cancer survivors and their obesity-related lifestyles. METHODS: The study included 125 Korean female breast cancer survivors aged over 19 year old enrolled in the 2009-11 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Women who answered 'yes' to the question 'have you ever been diagnosed breast cancer by a physician?' was defined as a breast cancer survivors. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured and Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body fat percent was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Standardized surveys by trained interviewers were used to investigate survivors' obesity-related lifestyles such as physical activities, sleeping hours and nutrients intake. RESULTS: 48.4% of Korean breast cancer survivors were obese. 44.7% had abdominal obesity and 89.2% had body fat percent over 30. Their physical activity level was generally low; only 22.5% maintained health-enhancing level of physical activities. Fat intake (14.4 [0.8] %) was as low and carbohydrate intake (74.2 [1.2] %) was high. However, daily dietary fiber intake was low (10.5 [1.1] g). Factors that were found to be significantly related with obesity in Korean breast cancer survivors were low education level (P=0.042), smoking (P<0.001), having chronic diseases (P=0.002) and short sleeping hours (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It is mandatory for physician to evaluate obesity status of breast cancer survivors as soon as their diagnosis and give proper intervention to maintain healthy weight and healthy obesity related lifestyle.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adipose Tissue ; Body Mass Index ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Chronic Disease ; Diagnosis ; Dietary Fiber ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Life Style* ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Mortality ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity* ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Recurrence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Survivors* ; Waist Circumference

There are numerous studies about the transformation of renal pathology during lupus nephritis progression. A number of researchers suggest that patients with previous proliferative glomerulonephritis may not need to repeat renal biopsy in relation to treatment strategies. However, the pathology of renal biopsy could offer important information to clinicians about the progression of disease. Here, we report a rare case of the convertion of ISN/RPS classification from a proliferative lesion to a wholly non-proliferative lesion. A 40-year-old female was admitted complaining of generalized edema for 1 month. At the age of 33 she had been diagnosed as SLE with proliferative lupus nephritis. The renal remission was induced with corticosteroid pulse therapy and 12 cycles of intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment. The repeated renal biopsy revealed class V lupus nephritis compared with referential biopsy of class IV-G. A better prognosis is expected with lower activity and a lower chronicity index. Repeat renal biopsy may give useful information relating to the prognosis of nephritis.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Cyclophosphamide ; Edema ; Female ; Glomerulonephritis ; Humans ; Lupus Nephritis ; Nephritis ; Prognosis

This study was conducted to determine whether serum adipokine concentrations differed between healthy dogs and dogs with diabetes mellitus (DM). To accomplish this, 19 dogs with newly diagnosed DM were compared to 20 otherwise healthy dogs. The serum concentrations of visfatin, leptin, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in diabetic dogs than in healthy dogs, whereas the serum adiponectin concentrations were lower in diabetic dogs. However, there were no significant differences in the IL-10 and resistin levels between groups. The serum leptin concentrations in diabetic dogs with and without concurrent disorders differed significantly. Treatment with insulin induced a significant decrease in IL-6 in diabetic dogs without concurrent disorders. These results show that the clinical diabetic state of dogs could modulate the circulating visfatin and adiponectin concentrations directly, while upregulation of leptin was probably a result of concurrent disorders rather than an effect of persistent hyperglycemia as a result of DM.
Adipokines/*blood ; Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*blood/etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Pilot Projects ; Prospective Studies

BACKGROUND: The CO2 concentration in exhaled gases is intrinsically linked to tissue metabolism, ventilation, and pulmonary circulation. In hemodynamically stable patients, the end-tidal CO2(PetCO2) is known to be a good index of arterial CO2 (PaCO2). However, the PetCO2 has some limitations in predicting PaCO2 in emergent patients with unstable vital signs. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the relationship of PetCO2 and PaCO2 and the validity of the difference between PetCO2 and PaCO2(PaCO2-PetCO2) for various clinical situations. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective analysis was performed in endotracheally intubated patients, who presented at the Korea University Emergency Medical Center during a 14-month period from January 2003 to February 2004. Patients were divided into three groups; respiratory insufficiency of cardiopulmonary cause (Group A), respiratory insufficiency of extracardiopulmonary cause (Group B), cardiac arrest with any cause (Group C). Group A was subdivided into two subgroups; A1 with a history of chronic lung disease disease and A2 with no history of chronic lung disease history. In each group, the mean of PaCO2-PetCO2 was calculated and multiple comparison was performed in each groups by using a one-way ANOVA test, and the 95% confidence interval of PaCO2 - PetCO2 was calculated. P a C O2 and PetCO2 were evaluated by using a linear regression analysis. The calculation was performed using the SPSS for windows version 10.0, and p values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULT: A total of 59 patients were included in this study. Twenty-five patients were in Group A, (18 in A1 and 7 in A2), 26 in Group B, and 8 in Group C. The linear regression data showed the relation between PaCO2 and PetCO2 to be statistically significant in the Groups A2, B, and C. The values of the difference of PaCO2-PetCO2 were 22.1+/-3.26 mmHg in Group A, 33.7+/-7.21 mmHg in Group A1, 17.6+/-3.06 mmHg in Group A2, 5.3+/-1.45 mmHg in Group B, and 21.2+/-4.73 mmHg in Group C. The 95% confidence intervals of PaCO2-PetCO2 were 15.37- 28.81 mmHg in Group A, in group A1, 16.07-51.35 mmHg in group A1, 11.11-24.03 mmHg in Group A2, 2.33-8.31 mmHg in Group B, and 10.03-32.42 mmHg in Group C. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic pulmonary disease, who are endotracheally intubated for assisted ventilation, the PetCO2 do not reflect the PaCO2 and also the value of PaCO2-PetCO2 is not a good parameter for determining pathological status. However, in patients with acute cardiopulmonary disease and during cardiopulmonary resusciatation, the PetCO2 does not reflect the quantitative value of PaCO2, but may be used in predicting the tendency of PaCO2 to increase. In endotracheally intubated patients with extracardiopulmonary cause, PetCO 2 reflects the quantitative index of PaCO2 and the value of PaCO2-PetCO2 may be a good index for monitoring pathological conditions.
Carbon Dioxide ; Critical Illness* ; Emergencies ; Gases ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Lung Diseases ; Metabolism ; Prospective Studies ; Pulmonary Circulation ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Ventilation ; Vital Signs

OBJECTIVES: Dental plaque emits red fluorescence under a visible blue light near the ultra-violet end of the light spectrum. The fluorescence characteristics of each microorganism have been reported in several studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in red fluorescence of oral microorganisms that is affected by blood in the culture media. METHODS: The gram-positive Actinomyces naeslundii (AN, KCTC 5525) and Lactobacillus casei (LC, KCTC 3109) and gram negative Prevotella intermedia (PI, KCTC 3692) that are known to emit red fluorescence were used in this study. Each bacterium was activated in broth and cultivated in different agar media at 37℃ for 7 days. Tryptic soy agar with hemin and vitamin K3 (TSA), TSA with sheep blood (TSAB), basal medium mucin (BMM) medium, and BMM with sheep blood (BMMB) were used in this study. Fluorescence due to bacterial growth was observed under 405-nm wavelength blue light using the quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) device. The red, green, and blue fluorescence values of colonies were obtained using image-analysis software and the red to green ratio (R/G value) and red to total RGB ratio (R/RGB value) were calculated for quantitative comparison. RESULTS: The QLF-D images of the AN, LC, and PI colonies showed red fluorescence in all media, but the fluorescence of all bacteria was reduced in TSA and BMM media, compared with in TSAB and BMMB media. Both the R/G and the R/RGB values of all bacteria were significantly reduced in growth media without blood (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on this in vitro study, it can be concluded that red fluorescence of oral bacteria can be affected by growth components, especially blood. Blood-containing medium could be a significant factor influencing red fluorescence of oral bacteria. It can be further hypothesized that bleeding in the oral cavity can increase the red fluorescence of dental plaque.
Actinomyces ; Agar ; Bacteria* ; Culture Media ; Dental Plaque ; Fluorescence* ; Hemin ; Hemorrhage ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lactobacillus casei ; Mouth ; Mucins ; Prevotella intermedia ; Sheep ; Vitamin K 3