The purpose of this study was to develop an information system about drugs. The Joint Application Design Method which is popular in developing information systems was used. This system will be useful for the health care personnel and nursing students with easy access to information by using computer. The user requirements for this system were collected and analyzed through a survey of 50 nurses in a hospital and 30 students at a school of nursing. Based on this analysis, the specific contents were designed. The characteristics of this system as follows. Firstly it is the fast searching function which uses not only names of drugs(generic name, functional name, commercial name), but also names of diseases. Secondly, it is the function which maintains an updated database by the way of adding, updating and deleting the data. Thirdly, this system is useful for the education. In teaching and learning process, Computer-Assisted Instruction(CAI) is considered as one of the outstanding method bacause the individual differences in learners are respected and thus educational effect in pharmacology is expected.
Access to Information ; Delivery of Health Care ; Education ; Humans ; Individuality ; Information Systems* ; Joints ; Learning ; Nursing* ; Pharmacology ; Students, Nursing

This study was conducted to identify the effects of a planned exercise program based on Bandura's self efficacy model on metabolism, and the exercise compliance in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The study design was a nonequivalent pre-test post-test control design. Thirty four type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, who received follow-up care regularly through the diabetic out-patient clinic, were randomly sampled for this study. Twenty patients were assigned to the experimental group and fourteen patients were assigned to the control group. In the experimental group, a planned exercise program is composed of an individualized exercise prescription for 12 weeks, an individual education, and even a telephone coach program. In the case of the control group, they were instructed to continue with their usual schedules. The data collection period was from March 1999 to February 2000 Data were analyzed using SPSS/WINDOW 10.0program. The results were as follows. 1. In the experimental group, the level of fasting blood sugar has significantly decreased from 188.20 mg/dl to 155.55 mg/dl after planned exercise program (F= 16.86, p=.000). For lipid metabolism, body fat per cutaneous decreased from 27.16% to 26.57% after planned exercise program. The score of self efficacy has increased from 64.20 to 66.65 after planned exercise program and it was statistically significant (F=4.850, p=.040) The functional vital capacity has increased from 3.28 liter to 3.37 liter and it was statistically significant(F=7.300, p=.020). 2. In an after effect of a planned exercise program, 35 percent of the subjects who participated in a planned exercise program continued to exercise for another six months. In conclusion, the planned exercise program can improve cardiopulmonary function, glucose, and lipid metabolism. This program was show a positive effect on the self efficacy and exercise compliance.
Adipose Tissue ; Appointments and Schedules ; Blood Glucose ; Compliance* ; Data Collection ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Education ; Fasting ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glucose ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Metabolism* ; Outpatients ; Prescriptions ; Self Efficacy ; Telephone ; Vital Capacity

In community-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, pyogenic liver abscess is common as a primary site of infection, particularly in Asia, that can progress to bacteremia. Diabetes mellitus is a usual predisposing factor. Pneumonia as primary site of infection by community-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae infection is not common but carries a poor outcome. Early administration of appropriate antibiotics is extremely important to avoid the development of bacteremia and septicemia. An infective endocarditis caused by community-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae infection is very rare; particularly, such a case of endocarditis in which pneumonia was the primary site of infection has never been reported previously. In this report we described a case of community-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae infection that started with pneumonia and progressed to bacteremia, leading to endocarditis, liver abscess, and other systemic septic complications. Delayed administration of appropriate antibiotics may have played a role in this case.
Abscess ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Asia ; Bacteremia ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Endocarditis ; Klebsiella ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Liver Abscess ; Liver Abscess, Pyogenic ; Pneumonia ; Sepsis ; Shock, Septic

Objectives: An increasing emphasis has been placed on the integration of clinical data and patient-generated health data (PGHD), which are generated outside of hospitals. This study explored the possibility of using standard terminologies to represent PGHD for data integration. Methods: We chose the 2020 general health checkup questionnaire of the Korean Health Screening Program as a resource. We divided every component of the questionnaire into entities and values, which were mapped to standard terminologies—Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) version 2020-07-31 and Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) version 2.68. Results: Eighty-nine items were derived from the 17 questions of the 2020 health examination questionnaire, of which 76 (85.4%) were mapped to standard terms. Fifty-two items were mapped to SNOMED CT and 24 items were mapped to LOINC. Among the items mapped to SNOMED CT, 35 were mapped to pre-coordinated expressions and 17 to post-coordinated expressions. Forty items had one-to-one relationships, and 17 items had one-to-many relationships. Conclusions We achieved a high mapping rate (85.4%) by using both SNOMED CT and LOINC. However, we noticed some issues while mapping the Korean general health checkup questionnaire (i.e., lack of explanations, vague questions, and overly narrow concepts). In particular, items combining two or more concepts into a single item were not appropriate for mapping using standard terminologies. Although it is not the case that all items need to be expressed in standard terminology, essential items should be presented in a way suitable for mapping to standard terminology by revising the questionnaire in the future.

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet(UV) light is one of the injurious environmental agents which is known to lead to apoptosis of cells. However, studies on UVB-induced apoptosis of melanocytes are still lacking and there are some discrepancies between researchers. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the characteristics of UVB-induced apoptosis of melanocytes and G361 cells. METHODS: Cultured normal human melanocytes and malignant melanoma cell lines (G361 cells) were analyzed by several detection methods including morphological examination of propidium iodide(PI) stained cells under fluorescence microscopy, quantitation of fragmented DNA, and flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS: Both melanocytes and G361 cells showed similar rate of apoptosis with gradual increment of UVB doses by the quantitation of fragmented DNA. However, flow cytometric analysis using scatter properties and PI stainability revealed that the melanocytes were more resistant to UVB than G361 cells. CONCLUSION: We suggest that melanocytes seem to be more resistant to UVB-induced injury than G361 cells. In addition, various methods for the detection of apoptosis might be necessary for its study. (Ann Dermatol 10:(3) 147152, 1998).
Apoptosis* ; Cell Line ; DNA ; Humans* ; Melanocytes* ; Melanoma ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Propidium

This study was designed to develop and validate a computerized exercise intervention program using the transtheoretical model (TTM) for Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). This computerized program was web-based and developed by designing a flow chart. An expert group (n=24), who validated the content of the computerized program, produced a mean score for the evaluation scale of 4.25 (SD .56). Of the patients (n=28) with type 2 DM who participated in clinical validity testing of the program, the mean score for the satisfaction scale was 4.82 (SD .12). In the validation of the program, significant differences between baseline and after-intervention were observed in the stage of readiness for exercise (Z=-3.78, p < 0.001), physical activity (Z=-2.33, p < 0.05), blood glucose profiles [FBS (Z=-2.84, p < 0.01), pc 2hr. glucose (Z=-2.33, p < 0.05), HbA1c (Z=-2.77, p < 0.01) ], and VO2max (Z=-2.52, p < 0.01). The study confirmed that the computerized program could be used to construct a database and continue to provide follow-up intervention for patients in all stages.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type II/physiopathology/*therapy ; *Exercise ; Human ; Intervention Studies ; Patient Education ; *Software ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PURPOSE: Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) occurs rarely in children, but its incidences are increasing due to frequent antibiotic use. We investigated the incidence and clinical characteristics of PMC accompanied by bacterial enteritis-like symptoms in children. METHODS: Between November 2003 and July 2007 at the Department of Pediatrics, Dongsan Medical Center, we analyzed the medical records of consecutive patients who received antibiotics in the past 1 month, developed bacterial enteritis-like symptoms, and were diagnosed with PMC based on sigmoidoscopy examination and histological findings. RESULTS: Among 22 patients who underwent sigmoidoscopy and biopsy examinations, 11 (50%) were diagnosed with PMC. These 11 patients were aged 2 months-12 years, among whom 5 patients (45.5%) were less than 1 year old. The clinical symptoms were bloody diarrhea (28.6%), abdominal pain or colic (28.6%), watery or mucoid diarrhea (23.8%), vomiting (9.5%), and fever (9.5%). The antibiotics used were penicillins (55.6%), macrolides (27.8%), cephalosporins (11.1%), and aminoglycosides (5.6%). The period of antibiotic use was 3-14 days. The interval between the initial antibiotic exposure and the onset of symptoms was 5-21 days. The results of stool examination of all patients were negative for Clostridium difficile toxin A. Patient distribution according to the degree of PMC was as follows: grade I, 18.2% (2 cases); grade II, 27.3% (3); grade III, 36.4% (4); and grade IV, 18.2% (2). PMC did not recur in any case. CONCLUSION: PMC is not a rare disease in children. If pediatric patients receiving antibiotics manifest symptoms like bacterial enteritis, PMC should be suspected. Endoscopy and biopsy should be applied as aggressive diagnostic approaches to detect this condition.
Abdominal Pain ; Aged ; Aminoglycosides ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacterial Toxins ; Biopsy ; Cephalosporins ; Child ; Clostridium difficile ; Colic ; Diarrhea ; Endoscopy ; Enteritis ; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous ; Enterotoxins ; Fever ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Macrolides ; Medical Records ; Pediatrics ; Penicillins ; Rare Diseases ; Sigmoidoscopy ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: Microcirculatory derangement in sepsis plays a crucial role in the impairment of tissue oxygenation that can lead to multi-organ failure and death. The change of RBC rheology in sepsis has been known to be important factors in microcirculatory derangement. Several studies have demonstrated that RBCs have decreased deformability in sepsis. We investigated the relationship between multi-organ failure and spherical index of RBC estimated by flow cytometer in critically ill patients with or without sepsis compared with the relationship in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Fourteen non-septic critically ill patients, 18 septic patients and 10 healthy volunteers were evaluated. We obtained peripheral venous blood from each patient and analyzed the change of RBC shape using flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur) within 90 minute. The change of RBC shape was accessed with spherical index (M2/M1). A decrease in M2/M1 was correlated with the sphericity of the RBC and considered to have a lower capacity to alter their shape when placed in microcirculation. Multi-organ failure was accessed with sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score. RESULTS: The M2/M1 ratio of healthy volunteers, non-septic patients and septic patients were 2.25+/-0.08, 2.16+/-0.39 and 2.05+/-0.53, respectively. But, there was no significant difference between each group (p>0.05). And, there was no significant correlation between M2/M1 ratio of septic and non- septic patients and SOFA score (p>0.05, r2= -0.13). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the spherical index of RBC was not associated with multi-organ failure in sepsis. But, further studies may be needed to evaluate the role of RBC rheology in sepsis.
Critical Illness ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Microcirculation ; Oxygen ; Rheology ; Sepsis*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify 'objective' differential factors for normal frequent loose stool (NFLS) and diarrheal illness with dehydration and nutritional deficiency (DIDN) among infants with chronic frequent loose stool (CFLS). METHODS: Data were analyzed from infants under 2 years of age with CFLS who had been transferred from general pediatricians. These 46 patients were divided into 2 groups (NFLS versus DIDN). Nocturnal stool was defined as evacuation between 10 pm and 6 am. Maximal stool amount/day (measured using the mother's hand) was specified as the highest score during the period of CFLS obtained by adding up each evacuation's score (range, 0-2 points). RESULTS: There were 36 cases of NFLS and 10 of DIDN. A failure to gain weight (P=0.0001), fever (P=0.0079), colic/abdominal pain (P=0.0014), gross blood in stool (except allergic proctocolitis) (P=0.0113), nocturnal stool (P=0.0001), and the score of stool amount (P=0.0001) were found to significantly differentiate the groups. A failure to gain weight was observed in 39% of even NFLS. The frequency, mucus content, and microbiological findings of stools, as well as diaper dermatitis were not found to significantly differentiate the groups. CONCLUSION: NFLS was more common than DIDN in infants with CFLS. The most 'objective' differential factors were nocturnal stool and the score of stool amount (> or =7 points/day).
Chronic Disease ; Dehydration ; Dermatitis ; Diarrhea ; Fever ; Humans ; Infant ; Malnutrition ; Mucus

To prepare measures for practical policy utilization and the control of heavy metals, hazard control related institutions by country, present states of control by country, and present states of control by heavy metals were examined. Hazard control cases by heavy metals in various countries were compared and analyzed. In certain countries (e.g., the U.S., the U.K., and Japan), hazardous substances found in foods (e.g., arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury) are controlled. In addition, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) recommends calculating the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of individual heavy metals instead of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) to compare their pollution levels considering their toxicity accumulated in the human body. In Korea, exposure assessments have been conducted, and in other countries, hazardous substances are controlled by various governing bodies. As such, in Korea and other countries, diverse food heavy metal monitoring and human body exposure assessments are conducted, and reducing measures are prepared accordingly. To reduce the danger of hazardous substances, many countries provide leaflets and guidelines, develop hazardous heavy metal intake recommendations, and take necessary actions. Hazard control case analyses can assist in securing consumer safety by establishing systematic and reliable hazard control methods.
Arsenic ; Cadmium ; Food Additives ; Hazardous Substances ; Human Body ; Joints ; Korea ; Metals, Heavy ; Risk Management ; Safety Management