The goal of this study was of what change in blood glucose the operation area and ageing made during halothane anesthesia. Sixty patients who were chosen randomly were divided into 4 operation groups according to operation site, that is, nil, surface, abdomen and thorax. Again, each operation group was fractionated into the young(below 40 year old), the middle (from 4l to 60) and the old(above 61). The blood sampling was done at preinduction for control value, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min and 60 min after induction for nil, and 15 min, 30 min, 45 min and 60 min after incision for operation-received groups. The results were as follows; 1) In nil, the young and the middle increased, but the old decreased in blood glucose. 2) In operation-received groups, there was no significance in blood glucose change among 3 age fractions. 3) The blood glucose change was larger in operation-received groups than in nil, more prominent in abdomen and thorax groups than in surface group. 4) The blood glucose of preinduction had no significance among 4 operation groups.
Abdomen ; Anesthesia* ; Blood Glucose* ; Halothane* ; Humans ; Thorax

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the elastic memory process in cold worked stainless steel wire and the effect of heat treatment on it. 0.018 inch round and 0.019 X 0.025 inch rectangular wire (ORMCO stainless wire) were used in this study. Each wire type had 4 groups: non-heat treatment group, furnace heat treatment group, electric current heat treatment group, and bending after heat treatment group. Each group was consisted of 10 specimens. With the Jig, each wire was bent into v-shape uniformly, and width of two free ends of each v-shaped wire was measured by caliper (to the point of 0.1mm correctly) at time interval of off-jig, after heat treatment, 1, 2, 3. 4 hours, I, 2, 3,4, 5, 6 days, 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks after. The results were as follows: 1. In non-heat treatment group and bending after heat treatment group, elastic memory process was occured 60% within 1 hour, and more than 90% within 1 week. 2. In furnace and electric current heat treatment group, almost all elastic memory process was occured during heat treatment, and then specimen was stabilized dimensionally. 3. Magnitude of deformation by elastic memory was greater in heat treatment group than non heat treatment group and bending after heat treatment group. 4. There was no remarkable difference in deformation pattern between 0.018 inch round wire and 0.019 x 0.025 inch rectangular wire.
Hot Temperature* ; Memory* ; Stainless Steel*

In Korea, recent epidemiologic studies show that the incidence of β-thalassemia is increasing as the influx of South-East Asian population increases and molecular technologies develop. However, many patients are still misdiagnosed as iron deficiency anemia (IDA). All patients with microcytic anemia need to perform evaluation including reticulocyte index, Mentzer index, and iron studies. Considering the increasing incidence of β-thalassemia, hemoglobin beta globulin (HBB) gene sequencing should be performed if suspicious. In our cases, patients whose parents were both Koreans were confirmed to have β-thalassemia with a substitution in c1, ATG>GTG, and deletion of the HBB gene. In Korea, initiation condon ATG>AGG (20.9%) is most common mutation, followed by codon 17 (A>T) (17.6%), codon 121 (G>T) (12.1%), and so on. We report two cases of β-thalassemia diagnosed by genetic testing for microcytic anemia.
Anemia ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Beta-Globulins ; beta-Thalassemia ; Codon ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Incidence ; Iron ; Korea ; Parents ; Reticulocytes

Purpose: This study aimed to describe clinical nurses’ lived experiences of workplace verbal violence through qualitative research using descriptive phenomenology. Methods: Six female Korean nurses who had less than 5 years of clinical experience and had experienced verbal violence in the workplace within the past year participated in the study. Data were collected through one-on-one in-depth interviews with the participants and analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. Results: A total of 27 codes, eight themes, and four theme clusters were derived from the participants’ statements. The four theme clusters of the clinical nurses’ experiences of verbal violence in the workplace were as follows: “tip of the iceberg,” “beyond me and my control,” “fear and resignation,” and “personal burden.” The participants recognized that nurses experienced verbal violence daily, and that the causes of and responses to verbal violence were determined by external situational factors rather than nurses’ individual problems. This suggests that nurses felt that they had no choice but to personally cope with verbal violence and bear the consequences due to systematic indifference and silence about verbal violence experienced by clinical nurses. Conclusion The findings show that verbal violence was pervasive and unmerited, yet often endured at the cost of a personal burden to nurses. A clear definition of verbal violence and education for employees are needed, and a reporting system should be established to report all forms of violence regardless of the severity of the incident.

Almost all cases of acute methanol intoxication result from ingestion. Absorption of methanol following oral administration is rapid and peak concentration occurs within 30-60 min. Foromic acid converted metabolites of methanol are responsible for its toxic effect. Methanol poisoning typically induces nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and mild central nervous system depression. Then there is a latent period lasting, followed by an uncompensated metabolic acidosis and visual dysfunction, depending on the dose of methanol ingested. Here we report on three patients who were victims of methanol intoxication due to ingestion of windshield washer fluid, which was misidentified as an alcoholic beverage. One patient had a mild form, which included abdominal discomfort, another patient had a moderate case, which included nausea, vomiting, and acidosis, and the other patient had severe acidosis and altered mentality and visual dysfunction. Except one case of visual dysfunction, all three patients recovered successfully following medical treatment and hemodialysis.
Abdominal Pain ; Absorption ; Acidosis ; Administration, Oral ; Alcoholic Beverages ; Alcoholics ; Central Nervous System ; Depression ; Eating ; Humans ; Methanol ; Nausea ; Renal Dialysis ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Buckwheat is considered one of the most important food allergens in Korea. Although a very small amount is ingested or inhaled, it can cause serious allergic reactions. However, the major allergens of buckwheat still remain to be elucidated. The aim of our study was to identify and characterize the major allergen of buckwheat seed. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Dialysis membrane with a cut-off MW 1kD was used for the preparation of crude buckwheat seed allergen extract. SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and IgE immunoblotting were performed using sera from 15 buckwheat sensitive subjects. Isoelectric focusing and lectin blotting assay were done. RESULT: Western blot analysis showed more than 15 IgE-reactive buckwheat proteins. Among them, a 24kD protein was shown to be the most frequently bound to sera from allergic subjects (54%). Isoelectric point of 24kD protein was around 5.9. In lectin blotting assay, 24kD protein did not bind to Con A nor five other lectins. CONCLUSION: A 24kD protein was the most frequently recognized allergenic component in buckwheat seed. Isoelectric point was around 5.9. Glycosylation was not detected in 24kD of buckwheat protein.
Allergens ; Blotting, Western ; Dialysis ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Fagopyrum* ; Glycosylation ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoblotting ; Immunoglobulin E ; Isoelectric Focusing ; Isoelectric Point ; Korea ; Lectins ; Membranes

BACKGROUND: It is mandatory to measure the minimal phototoxic dose(MPD) in order to determine adequate irradiation of UV-A in photochemotherapy. However, the measurement of MPD is not easy in some cases due to inadequte size and site of lesions, time and manpower. OBJECTIVE: The purspose of this study was to standardize the minimal phototoxic dose for a vitiliginous lesion. METHODS: The minimal phototoxic dose of UV-A was measured in 82 vitiligo patients. Then we analyzed the MPD according to the sex, age, site of the vitiliginous lesions, duration of disease, and administration route of the photosensitizer. RESULTS: 1. There were no significant differences between exposed and unexposed areas in MPD in both cases of topical and systemic administration of the photosensitiser. 2. There was no significant correlation between disease duration and MPD in both cases of topical and systemic administration of the photosensitiser. 3. In the group of topical application of 8-methoxypsoralen cream, MPD for males and females were 0.53+0.38J/cm2 and 0.48+0.32J/cm2 respectively without significant difference in sex. 4. In the group of systemic administration of 8-methoxypsoralen, there was a significant difference between males and females in MPD. The MPD in males and females were 1.38+0.72J/cm2 and 2.51 + 1.40J/cm2, respectively. 5. In the group of topical application of 8-methoxypsoralen cream, the MPD in 2nd decade patients was the highest(0.80+0.55J/cm2). The MPD had a tendency to decrease gradually as age receded from the 2nd decade. 6. In the group of systemic administration of 8-methoxypsoralen, there was a tendency for the MPD to be increased according to age without statistical significance. 7. MPD in the group systemically administrated with 8-methoxypsoaralen was four-fold to that of the topical application group. CONCLUSION: It may be valuable to keep in mind that there was a statistical differrence in MPD between sexes in systemic administration of the photosensitizer, and that MPD was different according to patients age in the topical application group.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methoxsalen ; Photochemotherapy ; Skin* ; Vitiligo

PURPOSE: To evaluate the CT findings of tumor in the pyriform sinus, and to assess by functional study of thelarynx the extent the extent to which its characteristic findings differ from those of supraglottic tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT scans of 14 patients with tumor in the pyriform sinus were reviewed and compared withthose of 17 patients with supraglottic tumor. In all cases, spiral CT scanning linvolved both quiet breathing andmodified breath holding; we evaluated the images and analysed the primary site of tumors and the displacement ofair in the pyriform sinus. Extra and intralaryngeal extension of the tumors was also assessed. RESULTS: In tumorsin the pyriform sinus, CT findings were thickening of more than two walls in 14, the displacement of air in 9,extralaryngeal extension in 13, extension to the post-cricoid space in 11, invasion of the pre-epiglottic space in13, and widening of the cricothyroid space in 8 patients. In supraglottic tumors, CT findings were thickening ofthe medial wall in 17, extralaryngeal extension in 1, extension to the post-cricoid space in 1, invasion of theipsilateral paralaryngeal space in 17, and of the contralateral paralaryngeal space in 6, invasion of thepre-epiglottic space in 11, and widening of the cricothyroid space in 9 patienhts. In this type of tumor thedisplacement of air was not seen. CONCLUSION: The characteristic CT findings of tumor in the pyriform sinus werethickening of more than two walls of the pyriform sinus and the anterior or medial displacement of air. To assessthe site at which a tumor originates, spiral CT scanning is needed, together with functional study.
Breath Holding ; Humans ; Larynx* ; Pyriform Sinus* ; Respiration ; Tomography, Spiral Computed* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Fifteen cases of corrective operation for the ascending aortic aneurysm performed under general anesthesia from 1979 to 1985 in Severance Hospital were studied retrospectively. There were ten male patients and 5 female and their average age were 36.6 years(range 25~50 years). Most of the patients showed aortic regurgitation. Thus the anesthetic management involved consideration for patients with aortic dissection combined with aortic incompetence(annuloaortic ectasia). Patients were premedicated with atropine or glycopyrrolate in 14 cases and a combination of triflupromazine, hydroxyzine, diazepam and pethidine in 13 cases or a combination of hydroxyzine and morphine in 2 cases. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium and/or diazepam and/or midazolam and/or morphine IV. Morphine and a mixture of 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen was administered for maintenance of anesthesia. Supplementary volatile anesthetics were inhaled as needed. Vasodilating therapy and avoidance of bradycardia during anesthesia are the most importance considerations for the reduction of left ventricular wall tension and to maximize the myocardial oxygen supply while maintaining cardiac output. Operative complications were reoperation due to bleeding in four cases, myocardial infarction in two cases, pericardial tamponade and urethral track infection in one case each. One patient died of sepsis. Fourteen patients improved in their heart size and function.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics ; Aortic Aneurysm* ; Aortic Valve Insufficiency ; Atropine ; Bradycardia ; Cardiac Output ; Cardiac Tamponade ; Diazepam ; Female ; Glycopyrrolate ; Heart ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hydroxyzine ; Male ; Meperidine ; Midazolam ; Morphine ; Myocardial Infarction ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis ; Thiopental ; Triflupromazine

There remains controversy regarding the appropriate surgical treatment for coarctation of the aorta because of relatively high rate of recoartation and high mortality in the cases associated with complex anomalies. We evaluated 31 consecutive patients who underwent surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta from May 1992 through June 1996. Nineteen patients(61.3%) were neonates and 26(83.9%) were under three months. Nine patients did not have major associated anomalies(Group I), 15 patients had ventricular septal defect(Group II), and 7 patients had major complex anomalies(Group III). 35.5% of the patients had arch hypoplasia. Surgical procedures performed were as follows: extended end-to-end anastomosis in 17 patients, combined resection-flap procedure in 7 patients, and subclavian flap aortoplasty in 7 patients. Residual coarctation occurred in 7(25%) of 28 patients; 2 after subclavian flap aortoplasty(2/6, 33.3%), none after combined resection-flap procedure(0/7, 0%)), and 5 after extended end-to-end anastomosis(5/15, 33.3%). Higher incidence of residual coarctation was noticed in the group with arch hypoplasia. The incidence of postoperative coarctation at a mean follow-up of 20.5 months in survivals was 12.0%(3/25); 2 cases after subclavian flap aortoplasty(2/6, 33.3%), none after combined resection-flap procedure(0/7, 0%), and one after end-to-end anastomosis(1/12, 8.3%). The mortality rate related to coarctation repair was 9.7%(3 patients, all in Group III). This study revealed that isolated coarctation of aorta and coarctation with ventricular septal defect(groups I and II) can be repaired with low mortality, but repair of coarctation with complex anomaly had a high operative mortality. Also the patients with arch hypoplasia had higher incidence of post-operative residual coarctation.
Aortic Coarctation* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Mortality