OBJECTIVE: To correlate glycemic control, as expressed by HbA1c levels, to the change in macular thickness in diabetic patients who undergo phacoemulsification.

METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study done at the Cataract and Medical Retina Clinics of the University of the Philippines Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (UP-DOVS), Sentro Oftalmologico Jose Rizal (SOJR) of the Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines - Manila. Participants included 15 diabetic patients with mature cataracts that warranted lens extraction surgery via phacoemulsification by a senior resident of the UP-DOVS. Participants were screened using pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pre-operative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was obtained for both eyes using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. Pre-operative central macular thickness (CMT) was measured using the Cirrus Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT) machine. Patients then underwent monocular phacoemulsification by their respective surgeons and instilled antibiotic and steroid drops as instructed. One month after surgery, BCVA and post-operative CMTwere measured. Blood was extracted and sent for determination of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Ttest was done to compare the mean CMT and BCVA at baseline and at 1 month after phacoemulsification in the study and control eyes. T-test was also used to compare the mean change in CMT in the study and control eyes. Simple correlation between HbA1c and CMT, as well as CMT and BCVA, was done using Pearson's R.

RESULTS: Neither mean baseline nor mean post-operative CMT between study and control eyes were statistically different  and p=0.1562). There was a statistically significant greater mean CMT in the study eye group (p=0.004). There was a mean change in CMT of 16.7 ± 18.5 ?m, and 1.8 ± 8.8 ?m in the group of control eyes (p=0.011). Mean HbA1c was 8.19%. No positive correlation was established between HbA1c and mean CMT in both study eyes (r=-0.312) and control eyes (r=-0.289). No correlation was established between BCVA and CMT (r=0.426).

CONCLUSION: In diabetics, eyes that undergo phacoemulsification gain a significant change in CMT but this may not necessarily result in macular edema and may not parallel the severity of diabetic retinopathy. We were not able to demonstrate correlation between CMT and HbA1c levels or CMT and BCVA.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Macular Edema ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Phacoemulsification ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Ophthalmology ; Anti-bacterial Agents ; Cataract ; Retina ; Visual Acuity

OBJECTIVES: To compare the rate of progression of visual field loss in mean defect (MD) decibels (dB)/year in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) versus primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) patients managed in a tertiary hospital and to assess the impact of baseline age, baseline MD, and intraocular pressure (IOP) on the rate of progression of visual field loss. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of medical records of patients who were seen at the Glaucoma Clinic of a tertiary hospital from August to October 2018. The following data were recorded: diagnosis, number of reliable automated visual fields (AVFs), number of years followed, baseline age, baseline MD, MD of all subsequent AVFs, IOP at the time of each test, and IOP-lowering interventions. Rate of visual field progression expressed in dB/year was calculated using linear regression analysis. T–test was done to compare the baseline data and rates of progression of visual field loss between the POAG and PACG cohorts. Correlation using Pearson’s r and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of baseline age, baseline MD, and IOP on rate of progression of visual field loss. RESULTS: The mean rates of progression of visual field loss in POAG and PACG eyes were 0.12 ± 0.68 dB/year and 0.10 ± 0.59 dB/year, respectively (p=0.8525). Despite treatment, 4.35% of the study eyes were identified as fast progressors while 1.09% were catastrophic progressors. In the POAG group (n=33), laser treatment was negatively correlated with rate of progression of visual field loss (r= -0.5072, p=0.0026). Multivariate analysis showed that baseline MD (p=0.017), mean IOP on follow–up (p=0.020), and laser treatment (p=0.004) were significant factorsaffecting the rate of progression of visual field loss in POAG eyes. In the PACG group (n=59), both baseline MD (r= -0.2798, p=0.0318) and mean IOP on follow–up (r= 0.368, p=0.0041) correlated with rate of progression of visual field loss. Only mean IOP on follow–up was found to be significant on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: While most glaucoma patients managed in a tertiary hospital have a slow rate of progression of visual field loss, a few were still identified as fast and catastrophic progressors. Factors associated with rate of progression of visual field loss were baseline MD, mean IOP on follow–up, and laser treatment for POAG, and mean IOP on follow–up for PACG.
Visual Fields ; Visual Field Tests ; Vision Disorders ; Glaucoma