Intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and adaptive skills, which begins before the age of 18. Intellectual disability is lifelong disability that starts in infancy or the early childhood years but cannot be diagnosed accurately until the child is at least 5 years old, when standardized measures of intelligence become reliable and valid. For a person with intellectual disability, both proper diagnostic classification and functional classification are important in establishing a network of support. An optimal clinical genetics diagnosis is critical to understand etiology of intellectual disability syndromes. Supports of the child with intellectual disability should not only focus on the child and his condition, but also on the family. Developmental and educational interventions depending on the child's age should be emphasized. This report describes historical perspectives of intellectual disability, rehabilitative and neurodevelopmental approach for the children with intellectual disability, and the effectiveness of early intervention.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Child ; Early Intervention (Education) ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Intelligence

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether intervention using a multidisciplinary approach affects maternal mental health, parenting stress, and sense of parenting competence in children with feeding disorder and failure to thrive (FTT). METHODS: Children with feeding disorder and FTT were randomized to the intervention group (N=11) or control group (N=8). We administered the Korean standardization of Parent Temperament Questionnaire for Children (K-PTQ) in both groups before intervention, and the Korean version of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (K-PSI-SF), Korean version of the Parenting Sense of Competence (K-PSOC), Korean version of the Beck's Depression Inventory (K-BDI), Korean version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (K-BAI), and Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (K-MDQ) in both groups before and after the intervention. RESULTS: In the intervention group, the K-BDI (p=.068), K-BAI (p=.068), and K-MDQ (p=.066) scores tended to show a decline, the K-PSI-SF scores for stress related to child learning showed a significant decline, and the K-PSOC scores for sense of parenting competence showed significant improvement. However, no significant changes were observed in the control group. CONCLUSION: Use of a multidisciplinary approach improved maternal mental health, parenting stress, and sense of competence. Comparison of these results with those of normal control will be necessary in a future study.
Anxiety ; Child* ; Depression ; Failure to Thrive* ; Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood ; Humans ; Learning ; Mental Competency ; Mental Health ; Mood Disorders ; Mothers* ; Parenting ; Parents ; Stress, Psychological ; Temperament ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between gross motor function and daily functional skill in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to explore how this relationship is moderated by the Gross Motor Function Classification System, Bimanual Fine Motor Function (BFMF), neuromotor types, and limb distribution of CP. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 112 children with CP (range, 4 years to 7 years and 7 months) was performed. Gross motor function was assessed with the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 (GMFM-66) and functional skill was assessed with the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-Functional Skills Scale (PEDI-FSS). RESULTS: GMFM-66 scores explained 49.7%, 67.4%, and 26.1% of variance in the PEDI-FSS scores in the self-care, mobility, and social function domains, respectively. Significant moderation by the distribution of palsy and BFMF classification levels II, III, and IV was found in the relationship between GMFM-66 and PEDI-FSS self-care. Further significant moderation by the distribution of palsy was also observable in the relationship between GMFM-66 and PEDI-FSS mobility. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that limb distribution and hand function must be considered when evaluating gross motor function and functional skills in children with CP, especially in unilateral CP.
Cerebral Palsy ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disability Evaluation ; Extremities ; Hand ; Humans ; Paralysis ; Self Care ; Severity of Illness Index

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OBJECTIVE: Neuromuscular imbalance of vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis muscles is one of the major causes of patellofemoral pain syndrome. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the angular velocity on the electromyographic activities of vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis during isokinetic cycling. METHOD: Fifteen healthy women (23.6+/-2.7 years) without any knee problem performed two sets of isokinetic bicycling using Motomed (RECK, Germany) at three different revolutions per minutes (30 RPM, 45 RPM, 60 RPM). Integrated electromyographic (iEMG) activities of vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis were measured during cycling. RESULTS: iEMG activities of vastus medialis obliquus increased as angular velocity increased (p<0.05). The vastus medialis obliquus : vastus lateralis iEMG ratio at 60 RPM was significantly greater than the ratio at 30 RPM (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Preferential vastus medialis obliquus activation was achieved by isokinetic cycling at high angular velocity. This suggests the meaningful therapeutic protocol for the patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome in altering neuromuscular imbalance between vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis.
Bicycling ; Electromyography ; Female ; Humans ; Knee ; Muscles ; Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome ; Quadriceps Muscle*