Wound pain is a common issue during wound care procedures such as dressing changes and debridement, significantly affecting patient comfort and recovery. Effective pain management is essential, not only for enhancing quality of life but also for promoting healing and minimizing complications. Factors like resting pain intensity, expected pain, and type of dressing have been identified as key predictors of severe wound pain during these procedures, helping clinicians manage pain more effectively by enabling early intervention. The Wound Pain Management Model was developed to guide healthcare professionals in managing chronic wound pain through steps like wound assessment, local treatment, and systemic management when necessary. While opioids are a common treatment, concerns over dependence and side effects have led to the exploration of alternatives. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological approach, reducing pain through distraction, particularly in burn and chronic wound care. However, variability in study designs limits the current understanding of VR’s overall effectiveness. This review examines both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to wound pain management, with a focus on VR. Further research with larger, more consistent studies is needed to better assess VR’s long-term benefits across different patient groups and wound types.

Wound pain is a common issue during wound care procedures such as dressing changes and debridement, significantly affecting patient comfort and recovery. Effective pain management is essential, not only for enhancing quality of life but also for promoting healing and minimizing complications. Factors like resting pain intensity, expected pain, and type of dressing have been identified as key predictors of severe wound pain during these procedures, helping clinicians manage pain more effectively by enabling early intervention. The Wound Pain Management Model was developed to guide healthcare professionals in managing chronic wound pain through steps like wound assessment, local treatment, and systemic management when necessary. While opioids are a common treatment, concerns over dependence and side effects have led to the exploration of alternatives. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological approach, reducing pain through distraction, particularly in burn and chronic wound care. However, variability in study designs limits the current understanding of VR’s overall effectiveness. This review examines both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to wound pain management, with a focus on VR. Further research with larger, more consistent studies is needed to better assess VR’s long-term benefits across different patient groups and wound types.

Wound pain is a common issue during wound care procedures such as dressing changes and debridement, significantly affecting patient comfort and recovery. Effective pain management is essential, not only for enhancing quality of life but also for promoting healing and minimizing complications. Factors like resting pain intensity, expected pain, and type of dressing have been identified as key predictors of severe wound pain during these procedures, helping clinicians manage pain more effectively by enabling early intervention. The Wound Pain Management Model was developed to guide healthcare professionals in managing chronic wound pain through steps like wound assessment, local treatment, and systemic management when necessary. While opioids are a common treatment, concerns over dependence and side effects have led to the exploration of alternatives. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological approach, reducing pain through distraction, particularly in burn and chronic wound care. However, variability in study designs limits the current understanding of VR’s overall effectiveness. This review examines both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to wound pain management, with a focus on VR. Further research with larger, more consistent studies is needed to better assess VR’s long-term benefits across different patient groups and wound types.

Wound pain is a common issue during wound care procedures such as dressing changes and debridement, significantly affecting patient comfort and recovery. Effective pain management is essential, not only for enhancing quality of life but also for promoting healing and minimizing complications. Factors like resting pain intensity, expected pain, and type of dressing have been identified as key predictors of severe wound pain during these procedures, helping clinicians manage pain more effectively by enabling early intervention. The Wound Pain Management Model was developed to guide healthcare professionals in managing chronic wound pain through steps like wound assessment, local treatment, and systemic management when necessary. While opioids are a common treatment, concerns over dependence and side effects have led to the exploration of alternatives. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological approach, reducing pain through distraction, particularly in burn and chronic wound care. However, variability in study designs limits the current understanding of VR’s overall effectiveness. This review examines both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to wound pain management, with a focus on VR. Further research with larger, more consistent studies is needed to better assess VR’s long-term benefits across different patient groups and wound types.

Current interest in the regioselective N-functionalization of tetraazacycloalkanes (cyclen and cyclam) stems mainly from their complexes with radioactive metals for applications in diagnostic (64Cu, 111In, 67Ga) and therapeutic (90Y) medicine, and with paramagnetic ions for magnetic resonance imaging (Gd+3). Selective methods for the N-substitution of cyclen and cyclam is a crucial step in most syntheses of cyclen and cyclam-based radiometal complexes and bifunctional chelating agents. In addition, mixing different pendent groups to give hetero-substituted cyclen derivatives would be advantageous in many applications for fine-tuning the compound's physical properties. So far, numerous approaches for the regioselective N-substitution of tetraazacycloalkanes and more specifically cyclen and cyclam are reported. Unfortunately, none of them are general and every strategy has its own strong points and drawbacks. Herein, we categorize numerous regioselective N-alkylation methods into three strategies, such as 1) direct substitution of the macrocycle, 2) introduction of the functional groups prior to cyclization, and 3) protection/functionalization/deprotection. Our discussion is also split into the methods of mono- and tri-functionalization and di-functionalizataion based on number of substituents. At the end, we describe new trials for the new macrocycles which form more stable metal complexes with various radiometals, and briefly mention the commercially available tetraazacycloalkanes which are used for the biconjugation of biomolecules.
Chelating Agents ; Coordination Complexes ; Cyclization ; Ions ; Ligands* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Metals

PURPOSE: Colonoscopy is a safe and commonly used method for the screening of colon cancer, but sometimes major complications, such as, colonic perforation or hemorrhage occur during the procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the surgical outcomes of laparoscopic and open surgery for colon perforation after colonoscopy. METHODS: A retrospective review of patient records was performed on 25 patients with iatrogenic colon perforation during colonoscopy during the 7-year period from January 2005 to June 2012. Demographic data, operative procedures, operation times, postoperative complications, hospital course, and morbidities in the laparoscopic surgery group (LG) and open surgery group (OG) were compared. RESULTS: Seventeen of the 25 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery (68%) and 8 patients open surgery (32%). The most common surgical methods were primary repair in the LG, and Hartmann's operation in the OG. Average time to first flatus was 2.9 days in the LG and 4.5 days in the OG, and average times to first meals were 4.5 days and 5 days, respectively. Mean hospital stays were 10.8 days in the LG and 17 days in the OG. After surgery, complications occurred in two patients in the LG, but no complication occurred in the OG. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic repair for iatrogenic colonic perforation during colonoscopy seems to be useful and safe surgical method in early period after perforation. However, open surgery is also needed for the delayed cases after perforation.
Colon* ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colonoscopy* ; Flatulence ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intestinal Perforation ; Laparoscopy ; Length of Stay ; Mass Screening ; Meals ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is secreted by a class of helper T cells called Th17 cells, which stimulates keratinocytes to secrete proinflammatory mediator and to recruit other inflammatory cells in psoriatic skins. IL-17A inhibitor was approved for the management of psoriatic arthritis by FDA. It is the one of the biologics approved as first-line therapy for the management of psoriasis. But several studies show some side effects of IL-17A inhibitor such as upper respiratory infection and fungal infection like Candida albicans. Herein we report a widespread dermatophytosis during IL-17A inhibitor treatment. A 66-year-old male patient, with tinea unguium and chronic plaque psoriasis for several decades, presented with multiple erythematous scaly macules and patches for 2 weeks. He medicated IL-17A inhibitor for treating psoriasis total 3 times and last injection was 1 week ago. Dermatological examination revealed the involvement of 20% body surface area in the form of erythematous scaly macules and patches. KOH mount revealed the presence of numerous hyphae. The patient was started on oral terbinafine, topical isoconazole and efinaconazole. His skin lesions were improved after 1 month of anti-fungal therapy. IL-17 plays an important role in mucocutaneous microbial defense. So, fungal infection should be checked in using IL-17A inhibitor patients periodically.

Background: Recognizing the seriousness of the misuse and abuse of medical narcotics, the South Korean government introduced the world's first narcotic management system, the Narcotics Information Management System (NIMS). This study aimed to explore the recent one-year opioid prescribing patterns in South Korea using the NIMS database. Methods: This study analyzed opioid prescription records in South Korea for the year 2022, utilizing the dispensing/ administration dataset provided by NIMS. Public data from the Korean Statistical Information Service were also utilized to explore prescription trends over the past four years. The examination covered 16 different opioid analgesics, assessed by the total number of units prescribed based on routes of administration, type of institutions, and patients’ sex and age group. Additionally, the disposal rate for each ingredient was computed. Results: In total, 206,941 records of 87,792,968 opioid analgesic units were analyzed. Recently, the overall quantity of prescribed opioid analgesic units has remained relatively stable. The most prescribed ingredient was oral oxycodone, followed by tapentadol and sublingual fentanyl. Tertiary hospitals had the highest number of dispensed units (49.4%), followed by community pharmacies (40.2%). The highest number of prescribed units was attributed to male patients in their 60s. The disposal rates of the oral and transdermal formulations were less than 0.1%. Conclusions Opioid prescription in South Korea features a high proportion of oral formulations, tertiary hospital administration, pharmacy dispensing, and elderly patients. Sustained education and surveillance of patients and healthcare providers is required.

Background: Recognizing the seriousness of the misuse and abuse of medical narcotics, the South Korean government introduced the world's first narcotic management system, the Narcotics Information Management System (NIMS). This study aimed to explore the recent one-year opioid prescribing patterns in South Korea using the NIMS database. Methods: This study analyzed opioid prescription records in South Korea for the year 2022, utilizing the dispensing/ administration dataset provided by NIMS. Public data from the Korean Statistical Information Service were also utilized to explore prescription trends over the past four years. The examination covered 16 different opioid analgesics, assessed by the total number of units prescribed based on routes of administration, type of institutions, and patients’ sex and age group. Additionally, the disposal rate for each ingredient was computed. Results: In total, 206,941 records of 87,792,968 opioid analgesic units were analyzed. Recently, the overall quantity of prescribed opioid analgesic units has remained relatively stable. The most prescribed ingredient was oral oxycodone, followed by tapentadol and sublingual fentanyl. Tertiary hospitals had the highest number of dispensed units (49.4%), followed by community pharmacies (40.2%). The highest number of prescribed units was attributed to male patients in their 60s. The disposal rates of the oral and transdermal formulations were less than 0.1%. Conclusions Opioid prescription in South Korea features a high proportion of oral formulations, tertiary hospital administration, pharmacy dispensing, and elderly patients. Sustained education and surveillance of patients and healthcare providers is required.