The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of duck extract on lipids. Rats in the experimental group were orally administered with duck extract for four weeks. The half of the supplementation was composed of duck meat and the other of the supplementation was composed of oriental herbs. Weight gain, diet intake, and food efficiency ratio were compared between control and experimental groups. Organ weight, lengths of small/large intestines, and the following plasma biochemical parameters were also measured: hemoglobin, hemoglobin, GOT, GPT, blood glucose concentration, lipids of plasma, liver, feces. Spleen index (weight/100 g body weight) of the rats in the experimental group was significantly higher than those in the control group due to increase in fat intake from the supplementation of duck meat. The large intestines of the rats in the experimental group was significantly larger due to the supplementation with dietary fiber derived from herbs in the extract. There were significant higher levels of plasma hematocrit, GOT, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol in the rats of the experimental group. From the results, although duck meat is a source of animal food, the fat profile of duck extract, such as the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids appears to be beneficial to human health. These findings suggest a possible anti-hyperlipidemic effect of duck extract.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Dietary Fiber ; Ducks* ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Feces ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Intestines ; Liver ; Meat ; Organ Size ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Spleen ; Weight Gain

This study investigated how acculturation varies with demographic variables and is related to dietary habits among Korean Americans. The respondents were 162 Korea Americans aged at least 18 years old residing in the Greater New York metropolitan area. The level of acculturation was measured using a modified Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation(SL-ASIA) scale. Acculturation was operationally defined to be composed of 6 factors, which are language, media use, friendship, food, pride, and ethnic self-identity. Each factor in the level of acculturation was identified by how it is related to demographics and dietary habits in the method of correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regressions analyses. The reliability of the modified SL-ASIA scale was high as measured by Cronbach alpha of .92. The level of acculturation was related to place of birth, age, length of residence in the U.S., and education. The younger, the longer they had lived in the U.S., and the more they were educated, the more acculturated. Acculturation could be predictable for 52% of its variance with all demographic variables. Among the 6 factors in the level of acculturation, five of them, language, media use friendship, food, and ethnic self-identity were correlated with dietary habit changes after immigration and type of meals. All 6 acculturation factors could predict 21% of change in dietary habits. the information from this study can be used to describe usual describe usual dietary habits according to various aspects of acculturation to better understand the dynamics among acculturation, demographics, and dietary habits.
Acculturation* ; Adolescent ; Asian Americans* ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Demography* ; Education ; Emigration and Immigration ; Food Habits* ; Friends ; Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Residence Characteristics

Gastric cancer has been the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Korea although the age-standardized mortality and incidence has decreased gradually during last two decades. Helicobacter pylori infection and cigarette smoking are well-established risk factors, and the role of dietary factors, such as salted foods, fresh vegetables and fruits, soy foods, and processed or grilled meats on gastric carcinogenesis has been suggested. In this review, we review national and international gastric cancer statistics, studies on environmental risk factors conducted in the Korean population, and gastric cancer screening activities.
Fruit ; Helicobacter pylori ; Incidence ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Meat ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; Soy Foods ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Vegetables

The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer have been steadily decreased over the past few decades. However, gastric cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer deaths across many regions of the world, particularly in Asian countries. In previous studies, nutrition has been considered one of significant risk factors in gastric cancer patients. Especially, malnourished patients are at greater risk of adverse clinical outcomes (e.g., longer hospital stay) and higher incidence of complications (e.g., wound/infectious complications) compared to well-nourished patients. Malnutrition is commonly found in advanced gastric cancer patients due to poor absorption of essential nutrients after surgery. Therefore, nutritional support protocols, such as early oral and enternal feeding, have been proposed in many studies, to improve unfavorable clinical outcomes and to reduce complications due to delayed application of oral nutritional support or parental feeding. Also, the supplied with enternal immune-enriched diet had more benefits in improving clinical outcomes and fewer complications compared to a group supplied with control formula. Using nutritional screening tools, such as nutritional risk index (NRI) and nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002), malnourished patients showed higher incidence of complications and lower survival rates than non-malnourished patients. However, a long-term nutritional intervention, such as nutritional counseling, was not effective in the patients. Therefore, early assessment of nutritional status in patients using a proper nutritional screening tool is suggested to prevent malnutrition and adverse health outcomes. Further studies with numerous ethnic groups may provide stronger scientific evidences in association between nutritional care and recovery from surgery in patients with gastric cancer.
Absorption ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Counseling ; Diet ; Ethnic Groups ; Humans ; Incidence ; Malnutrition ; Mass Screening ; Mortality ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritional Support ; Parents ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Survival Rate

No abstract available.
Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Tea

Sa-Sang, one of the Korean traditional medicines, classifies people's constitution into 4 types, which are referred to as Tae-Yang-In, Tae-Eum-In, So-Yang-In and So-Eum-In. The purpose of this study was to examine demographic and dietary factors and to test any significant differences between Sa-Sang constitution and related factors. The participants were 483 college students and the data of 428 students were finally analyzed. Constitution was determined identically through both the questionnaire on Sa-Sang constitution and an inquiry by a Korean traditional medical doctor. Tae-Eum-In showed statistically significant higher BMI and higher smoking frequency. Tae-Eum-In also had significantly higher intakes in iron, potassium, sodium, vitamin B1, niacin, beta-carotene and vitamin E. So-Eum-In had significantly lower intakes in protein, phosphorous, and folate. From this study, we could expect to get some scientific, objective and accurate diet information on the types of constitution. Considering the fact that most chronic degenerative diseases could be developed by any lifestyle factors, it is necessary to conduct educational programs about lifestyles including the dietary habit for maintaining good health. Therefore, it will be better to continue a long-term follow-up study on any chronic degenerative disease based on the types of Sa-Sang constitution in the future.
beta Carotene ; Constitution and Bylaws* ; Demography ; Diet ; Folic Acid ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Iron ; Life Style ; Niacin ; Potassium ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Sodium ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Thiamine ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause for cancer incidence in male. Although this high incidence is due to prostate specific antigen screening, other risk-factors, such as diet, might also be involved. The results of previous studies on the association between prostate cancer risk and individual dietary components have been conflicting. Thus, evaluation by dietary pattern analysis rather than individual dietary factors is suggested. The purpose of this study was to review the association of prostate cancer with a priori dietary indices, which are less studied and reviewed to date compared to a posteriori indices. Studies reviewed in this research were published from January 1997 to March 2017. Seventeen studies with nine indices were selected. In Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), all four studies were non-significant. In Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), 3 out of 4 studies significantly increased risk by 1.33–2.39 times, suggesting that a higher pro-inflammatory diet may be a possible prostate cancer risk factor. In Oxidative Balance Score (OBS), 2 out of 5 studies had decreased risk by 0.28 and 0.34 times, whereas 1 study had increased risk by 1.17 times. Among other indices, Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and prostate cancer dietary index were associated with decreased risk, while the results from 2 studies of Low Carbohydrate, High Protein Diet (LCHP) score were conflicting. In conclusion, we observed that it is insufficient to support the association between a priori indices and prostate cancer risk, except for MDS and DII, which had relatively constant results among studies. Therefore, further studies are required to identify consistent criteria for each a priori index, and should be conducted actively in various populations.
Diet ; Diet, Mediterranean ; Eating ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Prostate* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Neoplasms* ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the association between dietary intake and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal women. MATERIALS & METHODS: Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and a structured questionnaire was administered by a trained interviewer, which included information on sociodemo-graphics, medical and reproductive history, and dietary intake. The study sample included 134 osteoporotic and 137 non-osteoporotic women between 52 and 68 years of age. Nutrient variables were classified into tertiles. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated which compared the highest tertile with the lowest tertile as a reference group. RESULTS: ORs for osteoporosis were 1.47 (95% CI: 1.03~2.05) for total protein, 1.62 (95% CI: 0.51~3.92) for animal protein, and 2.98 (95% CI: 1.42~4.23) for sodium. ORs for osteoporosis in the highest tertile were: 0.42 (95% CI: 0.23~0.83) for vegetable protein, 0.72 (95% CI: 0.51~0.90) for Ca, and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.49~ 0.88) for Fe, relative to the respective lowest tertile. A brief food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 16 food items, was used in the cross-sectional survey. After adjustment for other risk factors for low bone mineral density, highest intake frequency of protein-sourced food was associated with lower risks for osteoporosis (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.39~0.83, p for trend: 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: This results support that in order to prevent osteoporosis and low bone mineral density, adequate nutrient intakes are essential factors in postmenopausal women.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Animals ; Bone Density ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diet ; Electrolytes ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause ; Odds Ratio ; Osteoporosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproductive History ; Risk Factors ; Sodium ; Spine ; Vegetable Proteins

In the past few decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer has rapidly increased worldwide. Thyroid cancer incidence is relatively high in regions where the population's daily iodine intake is insufficient. While low dietary iodine has been considered as a risk factor for thyroid cancer development, previous studies found controversial results across different food types. Among different ethnic groups, dietary factors are influenced by various dietary patterns, eating habits, life-styles, nutrition, and other environmental factors. This review reports the association between dietary factors and thyroid cancer risk among ethnic groups living in different geologic regions. Iodine-rich food such as fish and shellfish may provide a protective role in populations with insufficient daily iodine intake. The consumption of goitrogenic food, such as cruciferous vegetables, showed a positive association with risk. While considered to be a risk factor for other cancers, alcohol intake showed a protective role against thyroid cancer. High consumption of meat such as chicken, pork, and poultry showed a positive association with the risk, but dairy products showed no significant association. Regular use of multivitamins and dietary nitrate and nitrite also showed a positive association with thyroid cancer risk. However, the study results are inconsistent and investigations into the mechanism for how dietary factors change thyroid hormone levels and influence thyroid function are required.
Chickens ; Dairy Products ; Eating ; Ethnic Groups ; Humans ; Incidence ; Iodine ; Meat ; Poultry ; Risk Factors ; Shellfish ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Vegetables

The incidence trends of colorectal cancer have varied over time, and there is wide geographical variation across the world. Regarding colorectal cancer, diverse modifiable environmental or intrinsic risk factors have been investigated. This review summarizes the effects of both dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium in particular and diet-associated genetic factors on colorectal cancer risk. We searched the electronic database PubMed for articles published between January 2000 and March 2015. We reviewed case-control studies that included dietary factors, genetic polymorphisms, and gene-diet interactions in association with colorectal cancer risk. Overall, 21 studies were selected as eligible studies. These studies demonstrated that dietary consumption of vitamin D and calcium may decrease the risk of colorectal cancer or adenoma. Colorectal carcinogenesis was discussed in conjunction with dietary factors and mediating genetic factors. The epidemiological findings suggested that the gene-diet interactions may possibly alter the associations between dietary intake, genetic polymorphisms, and the risk of colorectal cancer. However, the reported effects of the same potential factors on colorectal cancer risk were inconsistent, depending on the study population and geographical location. This finding may imply the necessity of considering the environmental differences and genetic variations existing between individuals or specified populations. Therefore, further studies are required to investigate modifiable risk factors in diverse locations to derive useful implications for colorectal neoplasia.
Adenoma ; Calcium* ; Carcinogenesis ; Case-Control Studies ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Variation ; Incidence ; Negotiating ; Polymorphism, Genetic* ; Risk Factors ; Vitamin D* ; Vitamins*