Purpose: A systematic review and meta-analysis of nutrition educational intervention studies was performed to assess the association between nutrition education intervention and fruit & vegetable (F&V) preferences and nutrition knowledge in preschool children. Methods: The relevant studies of nutrition education intervention and F&V preferences and nutrition knowledge published from January 2000 to June 2020 were located using PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Research Information Sharing Service, Korean Studies Information Service System databases, and lists of references. A random-effects metaanalysis was conducted to estimate the standardized mean difference with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyses were performed to identify the association between nutrition education and F&V preferences and nutrition knowledge. Results: The results show that the effect sizes (ES) of F&V preferences and nutrition knowledge of preschool children were 0.31(95% CI, 0.23, 0.39), and 1.69(95% CI, 1.27, 2.12), respectively. The result of subgroup analysis, nutrition education focused on F&V (F&V preferences, ES: 0.32; nutrition knowledge, ES: 2.09) presented a slightly larger effect than general nutrition education (F&V preferences, ES: 0.26; nutrition knowledge, ES: 1.62). As for the type of exposure to F&V, direct exposure education (F&V preferences, ES: 0.40) had a greater effect than indirect exposure (F&V preferences, ES: 0.26). This meta-analysis showed that nutrition education intervention had positive effects on the F&V preferences and nutrition knowledge in preschool children. Conclusion In conclusion, from the meta-analysis and subsequent subgroup analysis, we found that varied types of nutrition education intervention had varying effects on F&V preferences and nutrition knowledge in preschool children.

Purpose: Smoking is a risk factor for the development of asthma and worsens the long-term prognosis of asthma. This study investigated the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on innate immune cells such as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and macrophages in a murine model of induced asthma. Methods: Six-week-old female BALB/C mice were exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) via an intranasal route with or without CSE for 8 weeks to establish a chronic murine asthma model. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammatory cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the population of CD4 + T cells, ILCs, and macrophages in the lungs were studied to evaluate the effect of chronic CSE exposure on asthma. Results: Mice intranasally exposed to CSE along with OVA treatment (CSE/OVA) had significantly enhanced AHR, eosinophilic inflammation, increased IL-13 and IL-17 producing CD4 + T cells compared to mice intranasally exposed to OVA only. On the contrary, the frequency of Foxp3 + in CD4 + T cells was reduced in the CSE/OVA group. CSE enhanced the dendritic cell (DC) population, especially MHCII + DC with antigen-presenting capacity. Among ILCs, the CSE/OVA group showed a significant increase of IL-13-producing type 2 ILCs, but not interferon-γ+ ILC1s and IL-17 + ILC3s. . Among macrophages, alveolar macrophage and Ym-1 and FIZZ1 positive M2 macrophage populations were significantly induced by CSE exposure alone and when combined with OVA treatment. Conclusion In this study, we showed that long-term exposure to cigarette smoke contributes to the inception and aggravation of asthmatic inflammation by enhancing DCs, ILC2, and M2 alveolar macrophage populations in the mouse model.