Prostate cancer has long been considered a disease with a heterogeneous phenotype. The intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) may affect diverse phenotypes such as treatment response, drug resistance, and overall clinical outcomes. Despite technical advances over the past decade, we have an incomplete understanding of the extent and effects of ITH in prostate cancer progression. We present here a comprehensive review of the various studies dealing with ITH in prostate cancer. We discuss the advanced next-generation sequencing analyses including single cell sequencing and circulating cell-free DNA sequencing that have the impact of heterogeneity on clinical decision making.

Prostate cancer has long been considered a disease with a heterogeneous phenotype. The intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) may affect diverse phenotypes such as treatment response, drug resistance, and overall clinical outcomes. Despite technical advances over the past decade, we have an incomplete understanding of the extent and effects of ITH in prostate cancer progression. We present here a comprehensive review of the various studies dealing with ITH in prostate cancer. We discuss the advanced next-generation sequencing analyses including single cell sequencing and circulating cell-free DNA sequencing that have the impact of heterogeneity on clinical decision making.

OBJECTIVES: There has been continuous development in the area of stereoscopic medical imaging devices, and many stereoscopic imaging devices have been realized and applied in the medical field. In this article, we review past and current trends pertaining to the application stereo-imaging technologies in the medical field. METHODS: We describe the basic principles of stereo vision and visual issues related to it, including visual discomfort, binocular disparities, vergence-accommodation mismatch, and visual fatigue. We also present a brief history of medical applications of stereo-imaging techniques, examples of recently developed stereoscopic medical devices, and patent application trends as they pertain to stereo-imaging medical devices. RESULTS: Three-dimensional (3D) stereo-imaging technology can provide more realistic depth perception to the viewer than conventional two-dimensional imaging technology. Therefore, it allows for a more accurate understanding and analysis of the morphology of an object. Based on these advantages, the significance of stereoscopic imaging in the medical field increases in accordance with the increase in the number of laparoscopic surgeries, and stereo-imaging technology plays a key role in the diagnoses of the detailed morphologies of small biological specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The application of 3D stereo-imaging technology to the medical field will help improve surgical accuracy, reduce operation times, and enhance patient safety. Therefore, it is important to develop more enhanced stereoscopic medical devices.
Asthenopia ; Depth Perception ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Laparoscopy ; Patient Safety ; Vision Disparity ; Vision, Ocular

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the symptoms and interference of activities of daily living (ADL) of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in patients receiving taxane and platinums. METHODS: 141 cancer patients were recruited in the cross-sectional survey design. The instruments used in the study was the Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy Assessment Tool (CIPNAT) developed by Tofthagen and colleagues. RESULTS: The patients experienced the symptom and interference of ADL of CIPN moderately. The most common symptom was nerve pain (70.2%) and the patients with high cumulative doses showed a significant of tingling sensation in the feet. Symptom severity increased substantially with cumulative dose of chemotherapeutic agents. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy increase due to repeated chemotherapy and nursing intervention is necessary to reduce symptom severity and interference of ADL of CIPN.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Bridged Compounds ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug Therapy ; Foot ; Humans ; Neuralgia ; Nursing ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases* ; Platinum* ; Sensation ; Taxoids*

Purpose: This aim of this study was to demonstrate growth factors that differentiate human mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes and to evaluate cell proliferation enhancement by needle size differences. Materials and Methods: Human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in chondrogenic medium supplemented with BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, BMP-13, FGF-2, FGF-18, IGF-1, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3 and without growth factors for 14, 21, and 28 days. Then, the expression levels of SOX-5, SOX-6, SOX-9 and FOXO1A were comparatively analyzed. Human mesenchymal stem cells were inoculated into culture dishes using 18, 21, and 26 gauge (G) needles, and cell proliferation was measured after 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Results: In addition to the previously known FGF, IGF-1, and TGFβ1,the BMP family growth factors such as BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, and BMP-7 increased the expression of chondrocyte differentiation genes SOX-5, SOX-6, SOX-9, and FOXO1A. At 48 hours, the 26G group, the smallest needle, showed significant cell proliferation improvement compared to the control group and the 18G group. At 72 hours, the 26G group, the smallest needle, showed significant increase in cell proliferation compared to the control group. Conclusion Through this study, growth factors with the ability to induce chondrocyte differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells were investigated, and cell proliferation changes by needle size differences were determined.

Objective: Dysphagia is a common clinical condition characterized by difficulty in swallowing. It is sub-classified into oropharyngeal dysphagia, which refers to problems in the mouth and pharynx, and esophageal dysphagia, which refers to problems in the esophageal body and esophagogastric junction. Dysphagia can have a significant negative impact one’s physical health and quality of life as its severity increases. Therefore, proper assessment and management of dysphagia are critical for improving swallowing function and preventing complications. Thus a guideline was developed to provide evidence-based recommendations for assessment and management in patients with dysphagia. Methods: Nineteen key questions on dysphagia were developed. These questions dealt with various aspects of problems related to dysphagia, including assessment, management, and complications. A literature search for relevant articles was conducted using Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and one domestic database of KoreaMed, until April 2021. The level of evidence and recommendation grade were established according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Results: Early screening and assessment of videofluoroscopic swallowing were recommended for assessing the presence of dysphagia. Therapeutic methods, such as tongue and pharyngeal muscle strengthening exercises and neuromuscular electrical stimulation with swallowing therapy, were effective in improving swallowing function and quality of life in patients with dysphagia. Nutritional intervention and an oral care program were also recommended. Conclusion This guideline presents recommendations for the assessment and management of patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, including rehabilitative strategies.