BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the effectiveness of the target-controlled infusion (TCI) of remifentanil through stepwise increases in the effect-site concentration (Ceff) in preventing coughs. METHODS: In a preliminary study, we randomly selected 140 patients to receive remifentanil through two-step increases in Ceff (1.0 ng/ml to 4.0 ng/ml: Group R1-4; 2.0 ng/ml to 4.0 ng/ml: Group R2-4). Based on the results of the preliminary study, we employed another sample of 140 patients and implemented a three-step increase in TCI (1.0 ng/ml to 2.0 ng/ml to 4.0 ng/ml: Group R1-2-4). We then compared this treatment with direct targeting based on 4.0 ng/ml TCI (Group R4). We recorded the episodes of coughs, rating them as mild (1-2), moderate (3-4), or severe (5 or more). RESULTS: In Group R1-4, one patient (1.5%) coughed during the first step, and five (7.3%) coughed during the second step. In Group R2-4, nine (13.2%) coughed during the first step, but none coughed during the next step. Only one patient had a mild cough during the three-step increase in TCI, that is, patients in Group R1-2-4 were significantly less likely to cough than those in Group R4 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Stepwise increases in the TCI of remifentanil reduced the incidence of remifentanil-induced coughing, and the three-step increase in TCI nearly eliminated remifentanil-induced coughing.
Cough ; Humans ; Incidence ; Opioid-Related Disorders ; Piperidines ; Resin Cements

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane anesthesia is associated with emergence agitation in children. This study examined the effect of a single intraoperative dose of ketamine and fentanyl on emergence agitation in children undergoing an adenotonsillectomy. METHODS: Ninety children, 3-10 years old, undergoing an adenotonsillectomy were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either normal saline (control group), ketamine 1 mg/kg (group K), or fentanyl 1microgram/kg (group F) after inducing anesthesia. Ketorolac 0.5 mg/kg was used for postoperative analgesia, and the anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane. The recovery characteristics, including the time to extubation, the discharge time from the PACU, agitation, pain, and vomiting were assessed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the three groups regarding the time to extubation and discharge from the PACU. The incidence of emergence agitation in the control group, group K, and group F was 46.7%, 13.3%, and 33.3%, respectively. The incidence of emergence agitation and the pain score were significantly lower in group K than in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of vomiting was similar in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Children undergoing tonsillectomy with sevoflurane and 1 mg/kg of ketamine given after induction had a reduced incidence of emergence agitation without a delay in recovery. However 1microgram/kg of fentanyl had no effect on the incidence of emergence agitation.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia* ; Child* ; Dihydroergotamine* ; Fentanyl* ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Ketamine* ; Ketorolac ; Tonsillectomy* ; Vomiting

OBJECTIVE: Many diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies of the corpus callosum (CC) have been performed with a relatively thick slice thickness in the axial plane, which may result in underestimating the fractional anisotropy (FA) of the CC due to a partial volume effect. We hypothesized that the FA of the CC can be more accurately measured by using mid-sagittal DTI. We compared the FA values of the CC between the axial and mid-sagittal DTI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen healthy volunteers underwent MRI at 3.0 T. DTI was performed in both the mid-sagittal and axial planes. One 5-mm mid-sagittal image and twenty-five 2-mm axial images were obtained for the CC. The five regions of interest (ROIs) that included the prefrontal (I), premotor and supplementary motor (II), motor (III), sensory (IV) and parietal, temporal and occipital regions (V) were drawn along the border of the CC on each sagittal FA map. The FA values obtained from each region were compared between the two sagittal maps. RESULTS: The FA values of all the regions, except for region V, were significantly increased on the mid-sagittal imaging. The FA values in region IV were significantly underestimated on the mid-sagittal image from the axial imaging, compared with those in the regions I and V (p = 0.037 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The FA values of the CC were significantly higher on the mid-sagittal DTI than those on the axial DTI in regions I-IV, and particularly in the region IV. Mid-sagittal DTI may provide more accurate FA values of the CC than can the axial DTI, and mid-sagittal DTI may be more desirable for studies that compare between patients and healthy subjects.
Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Anisotropy ; Brain Mapping/*methods ; Corpus Callosum/*anatomy & histology ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Male ; Statistics, Nonparametric

PURPOSE: Postsurgical anemia is one of the common unpleasant postoperative sequels during the early postoperative period after gastrectomy, for which no standard care has been established. To facilitate proper management, we investigated the clinical features of postsurgical anemia and sought to identify the factors affecting its subsequent recovery. METHODS: A retrospective review of 406 consecutive gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy without systemic chemotherapy between August 2008 and September 2009. Clinical courses of postsurgical anemia were monitored at 3, 6, and 12 months post-surgery. Clinicopathological factors affecting recovery of postsurgical anemia were analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: The study subjects consisted of 265 males and 141 females (mean age, 61.8 years). After operation, 318 (78.3%) presented with postsurgical anemia, and 217 (66.7%) and 47 (11.6%) had mild or moderate anemia, respectively, at the time of discharge. During the follow-up, 173 (54.4%) of the 318 with postsurgical anemia showed a spontaneous recovery at 3 months post-surgery, but no significant changes were observed in postsurgical anemia at 6 or 12 months post-surgery. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that old age (> or =60 years), preoperative anemia, anemia severity (moderate anemia), and total gastrectomy were independent factors that adversely affect the spontaneous recovery of post-surgical anemia after gastrectomy. CONCLUSION: Proper intervention may be required for postsurgical anemia that does not achieve a spontaneous recovery until postoperative 3 months. However, proper management, such as the use of iron or the best route for iron supplementation, needs to be evaluated in future clinical trials.
Anemia ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Iron ; Iron Metabolism Disorders ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Postoperative Period ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic gastrectomy in obese patients has been investigated in several studies, but its feasibility has rarely been examined in morbidly obese patients, such as in those with a body mass index (BMI) of > or =30 kg/m2. The present study aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility and safety of laparoscopic gastrectomy in morbidly obese patients with gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,512 gastric cancer patients who underwent laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (LDG) were divided into three groups: normal (BMI<25 kg/m2, n=996), obese (BMI 25~30 kg/m2, n=471), and morbidly obese (BMI> or =30 kg/m2, n=45). Short-term surgical outcomes, including the course of hospitalization and postoperative complications, were compared between the three groups. RESULTS: The morbidly obese group had a significantly longer operating time (240 minutes vs. 204 minutes, P=0.010) than the normal group, but no significant differences were found between the groups with respect to intraoperative blood loss or other complications. In the morbidly obese group, the postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 13.3% and 0%, respectively, and the mean length of hospital stay was 8.2 days, which were not significantly different from those in the normal group. Subgroup analysis showed that postoperative complication rates were not high in morbidly obese patients, independent of the type of anastomosis technique used and level of lymph node dissection. CONCLUSIONS: LDG is technically feasible and safe in morbidly obese patients with a BMI of > or =30 kg/m2 and early gastric carcinoma. Except for a longer operating time, LDG might represent a reasonable treatment option in these patients.
Body Mass Index ; Gastrectomy* ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Korea ; Laparoscopy ; Length of Stay ; Lymph Node Excision ; Mortality ; Obesity, Morbid ; Postoperative Complications ; Stomach Neoplasms*

PURPOSE: Information regarding antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP) for gastric cancer surgery is limited. The present study investigated the efficacy of single-dose AMP for the prevention of surgical site infection (SSI) in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2011 and 2013, 1,330 gastric carcinoma surgery patients were divided into two AMP administration groups depending on the duration of treatment. Postoperative outcomes including morbidity and SSI were compared between the two groups overall and in matched patients. Risk factors for SSI were analyzed. RESULTS: The extended group (n=1,129) received AMP until postoperative day 1 and the single-dose group (n=201) received singledose AMP only during an operation. Postoperatively, there were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to overall morbidity, mortality, or length of hospital stay. The SSI rate of the single-dose group was not significantly different from that of the extended group overall (4.5% vs. 5.5%, respectively, P=0.556) or in matched patients (4.5% vs. 4.0%, respectively, P=0.801). There was no increase in the SSI rate of the single-dose group compared to the extended group in subgroups based on different clinicopathological and operative factors. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed male gender, open surgery, and operating time (> or =180 minutes) as independent risk factors for SSI. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose AMP showed no increase in the postoperative SSI rate compared to postoperative extended use in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma. The efficacy of single-dose AMP requires further investigation in randomized clinical trials specific to gastric cancer surgery.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Gastrectomy* ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Surgical Wound Infection

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OBJECTIVE: Staphylococcus aureus has persisted and is now resurging as an important hospital and community pathogen. Nosocomial infection caused by methicillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA) is a major problem which may be connected with heavy or prolonged use of antibiotics S.aureus bacteremia caused acute complications, which occasionally resulted in death, and infectious/suppurative complications, which necessitated prolonged antibiotic therapy, sometimes in conjunction with surgery. Therefore, S.aureus bacteremia is a serious medical problem in association with high morbidity and mortality. METHODS: 130 patients with S.aureus bacteremia who were admitted in the Kyung Hee University Hospital from January, 1991 to December, 1994 were analyzed retrospectively. We compared the clinical and laboratory characteristics, and antibiotics resistances between MRSA and MSSA bacteremia and also we evaluated risk factors that contribute to fatal outcome in patients with S.aureus bacteremia. RESULTS: 1) of 130cases, 80 were male and 50 were female. The mean age was 44.5+/-25.1 years. 2) 84(65%) of S.aureus bacteremia were nosocomial and 46(35%) were community-acpuired. The percentage of MRSA stains studied was 55%(71/130) and The percentage of MRSA bacteremia in hospital-acpuired and community-accquired S. aureus bacteremia were 64% (54/84) and 36%(17/46), respectively. Sources of bacteremia were uncertain in 85(65%) with intravascular catheter(20%) and skin wound sites (8%) being the most common sources in remainder(35%) 3) 110(85%) of 130 patients had one or more underlying diseases. Common underlying dieases were cerebrovascular disease(33%), malignancy(17%), Diabetes mellitus(15%), chronic renal failure(8%) and liver cirrhosis(6%). 4) Acute complications occurred in 35 patients and were fatal in 21 5) The risk factors associated with MRSA bacteremia were various severe underlying diseases, vairous invasive procedures, IV catheter-associated infection, hypoalbuminemia, previous use of antibiotics, male sex and old age. 6) The Case fatality rate for patients with S. aureus bacteremia was 18% and those for patients with MRSA and MSSA bactermia were 20% and 12%, respectively. The risk factors that contribute to the increment of mortality rate in patients with S. aureus bacteremia were acute complication, low serum level of total protein, hypoalbuminemia, various invasive procedures and IV catheter-associated infection, 7) In the antibiotic sensitivity test S. aureus was resistant to penicillin in 98.5%, ofloxacin in 73%, cefotaxime in 67%, erythromycin in 58%, aztreonam in 56%, clindamycin in 52%, vancomycin in 0%. 8) In the multiple antibiotic resistance of S. aureus, 43(68%) of MRSA was resistant to more than 10 antibotics, revealing multiply resistant nature of strains, While all but one MSSA was resistant to 1 to 4 antibiotics, one revealing resistance to 8 antibiotics. CONCLUSION: S. aureus bacteremia is a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients who especially, exposed to various risk factors. MRSA revealed higher resistance rate to most antibiotics tested and more marked multiply resistant nature than MSSA. But there was no significant difference in case fatality rate between patients with MRSA and MSSA bacteremia.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Aztreonam ; Bacteremia* ; Catheter-Related Infections ; Cefotaxime ; Clindamycin ; Coloring Agents ; Cross Infection ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Erythromycin ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Liver ; Male ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Mortality ; Ofloxacin ; Penicillins ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Skin ; Staphylococcus aureus* ; Staphylococcus* ; Vancomycin ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: We evaluated the predictive value of preoperative lung spirometry test for postoperative morbidity and the nature of complications related to an abnormal pulmonary function after gastric cancer surgery. METHODS: Between February 2009 and March 2010, 538 gastric cancer patients who underwent laparoscopic (n = 247) and open gastrectomy (n = 291) were divided into the normal (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]/forced vital capacity [FVC] > or = 0.7, n = 441) and abnormal pulmonary function group (FEV1/FVC < 0.7, n = 97), according to the preoperative lung spirometry test. The predictive value of lung spirometry for postoperative morbidity was evaluated using the univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: After surgery, the abnormal pulmonary function group showed a significantly increased incidence of local (29.9% vs. 18.1%, P = 0.009) and systemic complications (8.2% vs. 2.0%, P = 0.005) than the normal group. Of local complications, anastomosis leakage and wound complication were found to be more common in the abnormal pulmonary function group. In the univariate and multivariate analysis, an abnormal pulmonary function was an independent predictor for postoperative local complication (odds ratio, 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 2.97) after adjusted by old age, total gastrectomy, open surgery, and tumor-node-metastasis stage. Meanwhile, an old age and a history of pulmonary disease were independent predictors for systemic complication. CONCLUSION: Preoperative lung spirometry is a simple and useful means to predict postoperative morbidity after gastric cancer surgery. In view of its simplicity and low cost, we recommend adding preoperative lung spirometry test to assess the operative risk and aid in proper perioperative treatment planning.
Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lung ; Lung Diseases ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Spirometry ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Vital Capacity

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of abdominal total gastrectomy, without mediastinal lymph node dissection for type II and III gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed surgical outcomes in 67 consecutive patients with type II and III GEJ cancers that were treated by the surgical resection between 2004 and 2008. RESULTS: Thirty (45%) patients had type II and 37 (55%) had type III tumor. Among the 65 (97%) patients with curative surgery, 21 (31%) patients underwent the extended total gastrectomy with trans-hiatal distal esophageal resection, and in 44 (66%) patients, abdominal total gastrectomy alone was done. Palliative gastrectomy was performed in two patients due to the accompanying peritoneal metastasis. The postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 21.4% and 1.5%, respectively. After a median follow up of 36 months, the overall 3-years was 68%, without any differences between the Siewert types or the operative approaches (transhiatal approach vs. abdominal approach alone). On the univariate analysis, the T stage, N stage and R0 resection were found to be associated with the survival, and multivariate analysis revealed that the N stage was a poor independent prognostic factor for survival. CONCLUSIONS: Type II and III GEJ cancers may successfully be treated with the abdominal total gastrectomy, without mediastinal lymph node dissection in the Korean population.
Esophagogastric Junction ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymph Node Excision ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms