PURPOSE: Lymphoma is considered when multiple, nonnecrotic lymph nodes are present in the superficial and deep lymphatic chains, especially if they are large and bilateral, on CT scan. It is reported that combined nodal and extranodal presentation of HD is uncommon. However, we found central low density in involved lymph node of NHL, and combined nodal and extranodal disease in HD, not infrequently. The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether our findings may be characteristics of NHL and HD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT findings with contrast enhancement were reviewed in 23 patients with untreated neck lymphoma:18 NHL and 5 HD. The followings were analyzed in each case: nodal or extranodal involvement; unilateral or bilateral involvement; presence or absence of central low density with peripheral enhancement in nodal lesion ;infiltration into adjacent structures. Nodal and extranodal lesions were confirmed by pathologic studies. RESULTS: Of 18 patients with NHL, nine cases had nodal disease and the rest had combined nodal and extranodal disease. Lymphadenopathy was bilateral in ten cases and unilateral in eight. Five cases with HD were composed of three combined nodal and extranodal diseases and two nodal diseases. Central low density of involved lymph node was shown in eight cases of 18 NHL and in one case of five HD. CONCLUSION: Central low density with peripheral enhancement was not uncommon in NHL, in contrast to HD. Hence, it is suggested that in case of nodal necrosis, NHL be also considered, besides tuberculous lymphadenitis and metastatic lymphadenopathy. It is not considered that nodal or extranodal disease, and unilateral or bilateral involvement are of high significance in differentiation of NHL from HD.
Hodgkin Disease* ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin* ; Neck* ; Necrosis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node

No abstract available.
Prospective Studies* ; Prostate*

No abstract available in English.
Urinary Incontinence* ; Urodynamics*

PURPOSE: Prostate volume has been poorly correlated with various parameters used to assess benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), including symptom score, total prostate volume, peak flow rate and postvoid residual urine. The purpose of this study is to determine if measurement of the volume and the index of transition zone of the prostate correlated well with other clinical parameters in predicting the degree of obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 121 men with lower urinary tract symptoms were prospectively evaluated using international prostate symptom score, transrectal ultrasonography, and urodynamic investigation with pressure-flow studies for BPH. Bladder outlet obstruction was defined as the maximal detrusor pressure was greater than 40cmH2O at peak flow and peak flow rate was less than 10ml/sec. Patients were then divided into obstructive and non-obstructive groups. Correlations were evaluated among the total prostatic volume (TPV), transition zone volume (TZV), transition zone index (TZI=TZV/TPV) and other clinical and urodynamically obstructive parameters. RESULTS: Age, IPSS, peak flow rate and PVR were not significantly different between obstructive (n=69) and non-obstructive (n=52) groups. Among the transrectal sonographic parameters, TZV and TZI correlated better with urodynamically obstructive parameters such as detrusor pressure at peak flow rate (r=0.551, 0.544), Abrams Griffiths number (r=0.576, 0.506) and linear passive urethral resistance relation (r=0.560, 0.580) than with TPV. There were no correlations between clinical and volume parameters. All the volume parameters of the prostate were larger in obstructive than in non- obstructive group. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with BPH symptoms, TZV and TZI correlates better with urodynamically obstructive parameters than did the total prostate volume. TZV or TZI may serve as more useful method for evaluating obstruction.
Humans ; Hyperplasia* ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction* ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urodynamics

The cause of essential hypertension is yet unknown, but in general is caused by interaction of hereditary factors, diet, obesity, lack of exercise and stress. The aging process influences various physiological mechanism related to regulation of blood pressure. So elderly hypertensives have a tendancy to consider the disease as a result of the physiological aging process. This attitude causes many complications, worsening of the disease and even early death because of inappropriate care. In order to improve self-management of elderly hypertensives in this study the researcher examined the effect of blood pressure regulation by an education program that improves self-care behavior, through increasing self-efficacy. The education program consisted of group education on hypertension and self-care strategies, and encouraging and reinforcing self-efficacy resources such as verbal persuation, performance accomplishment and vicarious experiences. A quasi-experimental pre-and post-test design was used. Thirty-two elderly hypertensives participated in the study. Eighteen in the education group and fourteen in the control group. The education program consisted of eight sessions twice a week for four weeks. There was no intervention for the control group. Data were analysed using SPSS for Windows(Version 8.0). The results were as follows. 1. There was a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the experimental group and control group over three different times, and interaction by groups and over time. 2. There was no significant difference in the level of self-care behavior between the experimental group and control group over three different times, and interaction by groups and over time. 3. There was significant difference in self-efficacy of experimental and control group, depending on the measuring period, but there was no difference between these groups on interaction by groups and over time. 4. There was positive correlation between self efficacy and self care behavior depending on the measuring period. There was negative correlation between diastolic blood pressure and self-care behavior on the posttest of the program, and between systolic blood pressure and self-care behavior on the follow-up test of the program. Findings indicate that this study will contribute to develop nursing strategies for the regulation of blood pressure for the elderly, which is easy for the elderly to learn as a nonpharmacologic approach.
Aged* ; Aging ; Blood Pressure* ; Diet ; Education* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Nursing ; Obesity ; Self Care* ; Self Efficacy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of abdominal breathing on state anxiety, stress and tocolytic dosage for pregnant women in preterm labor. METHODS: The participants were 60 pregnant women in preterm labor who were hospitalized from April to July, 2009. Thirty participants were assigned to the experimental group and 30 to the control group. None of them had any other complications except preterm labor. The modified Mason's breathing technique was used with the experimental group 3 times a day for 3 days. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire and chart review, and analyzed with the SPSS 13.0 WIN program. RESULTS: "State anxiety of the experimental group will be lower than that of the control group" was supported. "Stress of the experimental group will be lower than that of the control group" was supported. "The Ritodrine dosage for the experimental group will be lower than that of the control group" was supported. "The Atosiban dosage for the experimental group will be lower than that of the control group" was supported. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that abdominal breathing is an effective nursing intervention for pregnant women in preterm labor.
Adult ; Anxiety/*prevention & control ; *Breathing Exercises ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Obstetric Labor, Premature/*drug therapy ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth ; Ritodrine/therapeutic use ; Stress, Psychological/*prevention & control ; Tocolytic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Vasotocin/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use

PURPOSE: To improve self-management in elderly people with hypertension, the researcher examined the effects of an abdominal relaxed breathing exercises using biofeedback on blood pressure. These exercises regulate physical response to stress and lessen the activity of sympathetic nerves. METHOD: A single-experimental pre-and post-test design was used. Eight elderly people with hypertension participated in the study from April, 6 to June, 14, 2000. Biofeedback was done with soft ware by developed by J & J Company (1-410 form for abdominal respiration training). The abdominal relaxed breathing exercises are based on Mason's suggestion (1985) and were modified by Yu & Song(2001). This program consisted of 4 sessions once a week for four weeks. Data were analysed using SPSSPC+(10.0). RESULT: There was a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure over three different times. There was a significant difference in the level of total stress response, overall health and quality of life but no significant difference in the level of emotional condition over three different times. CONCLUSION: The results of this study will contribute to the development of nursing strategies for the regulation of blood pressure in older people as the exercises are easy to learn and are a nonpharmacologic approach.
Aged* ; Biofeedback, Psychology* ; Blood Pressure* ; Breathing Exercises* ; Exercise ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Nursing ; Quality of Life ; Respiration* ; Self Care

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study evaluated the clinical features of double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) in adults. Most cases of DCRV are diagnosed and treated during childhood. Consequently, very few reports include cases in which its clinical characteristics are evident in adults. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical data for 10 adult patients (age > or = 18 years) with DCRV. RESULTS: Electrocardiogram showed right ventricular hypertrophy in 3 DCRV patients. All cases were associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD; 7 for perimembranous, 2 for muscular outlet, and 1 for the subarterial type). Surgical correction was done for 7 DCRV patients all of whom survived operations. Their follow-up echocardiogram showed the pressure gradient in their right ventricle was significantly decreased from 69.4 +/- 17.2 mmHg preoperatively to 10.2 +/- 5.0 mmHg postoperatively (p < 0.05). In the short-term follow-up, there was no significant increase in the pressure gradient in the right ventricle. CONCLUSIONS: There are lots of cases of DCRV that are not diagnosed accurately in adults. In our experience, all DCRV cases had VSD and surgical correction of these cases showed excellent results. Therefore, accurate diagnosis of DCRV is necessary so that DCRV is not overlooked and operations are enabled within an appropriate time.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Catheterization ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/*diagnosis/*surgery ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/*diagnosis/*surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/*diagnosis/*surgery ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: E-cadherin(E-CD) is a family of Ca++-dependent intercellular adhesion molecules, plays essential roles in organogenesis and in the maintenance of normal structure and function. Decreased expression of E-CD correlates with tumor aggressiveness, advanced stage and metastasis. In renal cell carcinoma(RCC), however, this correlation is not well established and prevalence of negative expression of E-CD is higher than in other carcinomas. We focused our interest on E-CD expression in RCC and its clinicopathological implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospectively, we reviewed 34 cases with RCC that were reclassified according to Mainz classification. Tumor stage, grade were determined according to the Robson method and Fuhrmann`s grading system. We detected E-CD expression in RCC by immunohistochemical staining and investigated the relationship between E-CD expression and clinicopathological features including prognosis. RESULTS: Thirty four cases of RCC were consisted of 21 cases(61%) of non-papillary clear cell type, 2 cases(6%) of chromophil type, 3 cases(9%) of spindle cell type and 8 cases(24%) of chromophobe type by Mainz classification. Especially, E-CD expression showed a strong positive reaction along the cell membranes in all 8 cases of chromophobe type. Our immunohistochemical study of E-CD expression in 34 RCC specimens showed 73% of positive expression and 27% of negative expression. Absence of E-CD expression was correlated with the high tumor stage and grade( stage & grade 3 or 4. p<0.05 in chi-squar test). All of metastatic cases showed a negative expression of E-CD. CONCLUSIONS: The differential expression of E-cadherin in renal cell carcinomas suggest that the tumor cell origin and differentiation. Especially, chromophobe cell type may have different biologic characteristics from other types of renal cell carcinoma. In this study, E-CD expression was seemed to be lost in RCC with a high stage and grade. In addition, preserved E-CD expression was associated with better prognosis than reduced E-CD expression.
Cadherins* ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Cell Adhesion Molecules ; Cell Membrane ; Classification ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Organogenesis ; Population Characteristics ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: The length ratio of the second to the fourth finger (2D : 4D) is a known indirect measure of prenatal sex hormone exposure. Sex hormones influence brain development through structural and epigenetic modifications of neurons. We examined the 2D : 4D in schizophrenia patients and normal controls to investigate the relationship between prenatal sex hormone exposure and the genesis of schizophrenia. METHODS: The participants were 187 schizophrenia patients (94 male, 93 female) and 190 normal controls (95 male, 95 female). We determined handedness via the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and age of onset of schizophrenia via clinical records or directly questioning the patients. We measure digit length using vernier caliper and performed T-tests, ANOVA, and ANCOVA to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were no significant 2D : 4D differences between schizophrenic participants and normal controls. Also, there was no significant correlation between the 2D : 4D and the age of onset of schizophrenia. Among the controls, the 2D : 4D was significantly higher (more "feminized") in females than in males (F=4.937, p=.027). But, there were no significant 2D : 4D sex differences among the schizophrenia patients (F=3.429, p=.066). CONCLUSION: These results imply that sex hormone changes during fetal development might play some role in the development of schizophrenia.
Age of Onset ; Brain ; Epigenomics ; Female ; Fetal Development ; Fingers ; Functional Laterality ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Humans ; Male ; Neurons ; Schizophrenia ; Sex Characteristics