The purpose of this study was to find the distribution and measurement of compressive and tensile stress when intrusi- on arch wire is forced engage with upper canine and to analysis stress at each section through FEM. And we compare compressive and tensile ratio at each section. The results were as follows. 1. At FA point and cemento-enamel junction of upper canine, compressive and tensile force ratio is about the same. 2. At apex, compressive force is the four times as tensile force. ; In intrusion, we show root resorption at apex. 3. At Cemento-enamel junction, the compressive and tensile force show the maximun value except FA point.
Root Resorption

No abstract available.
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis* ; Tuberous Sclerosis*

No abstract available.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae* ; Mycoplasma* ; Pneumonia* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma*

Cancer of the vulva accounts for approximately 0.5% of all gynecologic malignancies. At diagnosis, one-third of these cases is detected in an advanced stage (FIGO stages III, IV), and local extension of primary vulvar cancer may involve adjacent midline structures such as the clitoris, urethra, vagina, and anus. Initial surgical therapy of such locally advanced primary cancers may compromise the functional integrity of midline structures, necessitating ultraradical surgery including pelvic exenteration. In view of the relatively elderly age of the patients and the morbidity of this ultraradical dissection, concomitant chemoradiation therapy - that the efficacy had been proven in head and neck cancer, anal cancer has approached for patients with locally advanced vulvar cancer. We experienced a case of stage III vulvar cancer patient, who underwent concomitant chemoradiation therapy with 5-fluorouracil(FU) and cisplatin and who showed complete response. So, we report this case with brief review of the literatures.
Aged ; Anal Canal ; Anus Neoplasms ; Cisplatin ; Clitoris ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; Humans ; Pelvic Exenteration ; Urethra ; Vagina ; Vulvar Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Byssinosis*

Tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic drug is thought to be a major cause of failure in the chemotherapeutic treatment of malgnant tumors. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is associated with r expression of the MDRl gene encoding P-glycoproteintP-gp). an active efflux pump for various limphophilic compounds. P-gp was generally expressed in normal tissue and tumor. In our present investigation. we examined the expression of P-gp in human transitional cell carcinoma and normal tissue. 1. From April to June. 1992. 13 patients with transitional cell carcinoma(11 cases in bladder. cases in renal pelvis) and 5 specimens of normal urinary bladder tissue were used. 2. We stained these frozen tissue with JSB-1 (MONOSAN(R)) by immunehistochemistry. 3. The tissue sample was classified as weakly positive. moderately positive and strong positive respectively to the immunohistochemical staining under the light microgcopical observation. The weakly positive means that if the sample cell was stained with less than the fine reddish brown colored particles. The strong positive presents the cell nuclei was not seen by light microscopic examination because the cell was heavily stained with large reddish brown colored granules. In between weakly and strong positive was named as moderate positive. 4. 7 out of 13 transitional cell carcinoma showed Ash grade II,4 of this 7 belongs to moderately positive and the rest 3 of this 7 were strong positive class. All 6 cases of stage B, C, D transitional cell carcinoma belongs to moderate positive class. On the basis of the results, this study suggested that the normal bladder tissues and transitional cell carcinoma contain certain amount of P-gp. The author could conclude that there is no closerelation between the tissue staining classification.
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell* ; Cell Nucleus ; Classification ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Humans ; P-Glycoprotein* ; Urinary Bladder

OBJECTIVES: Because the caudate nucleus receives inputs from the dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, it is the area of the interest with ADHD patients in many researches. To identify the lack of normal asymmetry in the frontal lobe and caudate nucleus of the subjects with ADHD, one slice of brain MR images for each subjects were selected, and planimetric method was applied and analyzed. METHODS: The brain MR images of 14 ADHD boys who met the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria and 16 headache control group were collected. Single best view far the head of the caudate nucleus, one axial slice was selected for analysis. MR images were redigitized with flatbed scanner and data were analyzed with Brainimage Pascal 2.3.3.1 software. Pixel counting and area measurements were done. Interrater reliabilities were 0.89 or greater. RESULTS: In both ADHD and control groups, right caudate area was slightly greater than left side, and this difference were more significant in control group. The results showed that the normal asymmetry of frontal lobe and the caudate nucleus was not observed for the ADHD group. CONCLUSION: The normal asymmetry of the frontal lobe and the caudate nucleus was not seen in boys with ADHD
Brain ; Caudate Nucleus* ; Frontal Lobe* ; Head ; Headache ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: While the use of food additives in food processing has become a common practice worldwide, consumers' worry about potential hazards has not diminished.The purpose of this study was to identify trends in South Korean parents' perceptions about food additives by analyzing the results of surveys conducted from 2014 to 2018. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We conducted an off-line survey in Korea annually between 2014 and 2018 on perceptions about food additives. The numbers of survey respondents in each year from 2014 to 2018 were 381, 426, 301, 519, and 369, respectively. Our consumer respondents were parents of elementary-school-aged children. RESULTS: The ratios of respondents perceiving “food safety” as the most important factor in purchasing processed foods and “food additives” as the biggest threat to food safety have decreased over the years. However, most consumers still have negative perceptions of food additives. Additionally, among consumers lower confidence in or trust of the Korean government continued throughout the study period and appeared to be the main problem that needs to be overcome. CONCLUSIONS This study found that Korean parents are still troubled by food additives.Consumers' confidence in the government needs to be increased through public communications. More multifaceted educational programs communicating scientific knowledge of food additives are needed in order to correct consumers' misperceptions.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: While the use of food additives in food processing has become a common practice worldwide, consumers' worry about potential hazards has not diminished.The purpose of this study was to identify trends in South Korean parents' perceptions about food additives by analyzing the results of surveys conducted from 2014 to 2018. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We conducted an off-line survey in Korea annually between 2014 and 2018 on perceptions about food additives. The numbers of survey respondents in each year from 2014 to 2018 were 381, 426, 301, 519, and 369, respectively. Our consumer respondents were parents of elementary-school-aged children. RESULTS: The ratios of respondents perceiving “food safety” as the most important factor in purchasing processed foods and “food additives” as the biggest threat to food safety have decreased over the years. However, most consumers still have negative perceptions of food additives. Additionally, among consumers lower confidence in or trust of the Korean government continued throughout the study period and appeared to be the main problem that needs to be overcome. CONCLUSIONS This study found that Korean parents are still troubled by food additives.Consumers' confidence in the government needs to be increased through public communications. More multifaceted educational programs communicating scientific knowledge of food additives are needed in order to correct consumers' misperceptions.

PURPOSE: The dose calculation program for the Buchler type remote afterloading system was developed. This program also can be used to calculate dose for various sealed sources. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We determined the source length and distribution by dividing the program disk to 72 points. The dose rate for the each program disk and source was calculated. The dose rate table for the xy coordinate was established. The dose rate for the interesting points of the patient were calculated by using this table. We also made isodose curve from this calculations. RESULTS: The storage size for the dose rate table were increased.But the calculation of the dose rate for the patient were carried out rapidly. So we could get real time calculation. CONCLUSION: By using this program, we could calculate the dose rate for the various oints of the patient quickly and accurately. This program will be useful for the treatment with various linear sources.
Brachytherapy ; Humans