OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to get basic data to develop plan and strategy of com-munity mental health in Pohang city by identifying attitudes toward mentally ill in Pohang community. METHODS: The subjects of this study are the 491 persons aged between 20 and 59 who live in Pohang. Methods of selection for the subjects based on multistage stratified cluster sampling, i.e. by sex, by age, by place of residence("Up", "Myeon", "Dong"), and by ratio to total populations. Tool of the study is Community Attitudes to the Mentally Ill Inventory(CAMI). RESULTS: 1) The residents of Pohang community showed positive attitude in 'Benevolence' and 'Community mental health ideology' subscale and negative attitude in 'Authoritarianism' and 'Social restric-tiveness' subscale. Therefore community mental health project in Pohang city will be established and activated easily. 2) Aged group had more authoritative, social restrictive and less community mental health oriented attitude. 3) The lower educated group had more authoritative, social restrictive and less benevolent, community mental health oriented attitude. 4) The unmarried group had less authoritative, less social restrictive attitude. 5) The home-owners had more authoritative, more social restrictive attitude. 6) The opinion leaders had more authoritative and less community mental health oriented attitude. 7) The respondents whose family had used mental health services had less benevolent attitude. The respondents who themselves had used mental health services had more authoritative, less benevolent and community mental health oriented attitude. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, it will be necessary to give public information and education for those who have negative attitude groups of aged, low educated, home-owners, opinion leaders and respondents who themselves or whose family had used mental health services. If resource could be made of persons of positive attitude groups of younger aged, highly educated and unmarried, community mental health project will be more efficient.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Gyeongsangbuk-do* ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Mental Health Services ; Mentally Ill Persons* ; Single Person

The neurobiological basis of emotional recognition, processing and regulation has been extensively studied over the past years. Especially, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be conceptualized as a dysfunction of fear circuit, thus, many studies focused on neural substrate of fear using functional neuroimaging. Neuroimaging studies of PTSD have suggested that the amygdala is hyperresponsive to fearful stimuli, which may be related to hyperarousal or reexperience symptoms of PTSD. The medial prefrontal cortex is hyporesponsive and fails to inhibit the amygdala. Researches also have acknowledged that abnormal activities in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus might be associated with impairment of extinction of traumatic memory. Recent researches using facial emotional stimuli have suggested that PTSD involved not only dysfunction of fear circuit but also dysregulation of basic emotional processing. Despite the progress, many points are left which are yet to be clarified. Fear conditioning, contextualization, habituation and extinction should be investigated using novel paradigms that can explain the complexity of PTSD.
Amygdala ; Facial Expression ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Hippocampus ; Memory ; Neuroimaging ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

OBJECTIVE: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a new, noninvasive procedure of a localized pulsed magnetic field to the surface of the head to cause a depolarization of neurons in the brain cortex underneath. Knowledge of the neuroanatomic abnormalities of depression is serving as the background for TMS treatment in depression. Here we provide a summarized review of the therapeutic application of TMS in patients with depression. METHODS: We described the clinical and basic researches of TMS in depression and integrated the future direction using literature review and interview with experts. RESULTS: The field of TMS is beginning to address the issues of using TMS as a novel antidepressant. The ability to excite local areas of brain cortex has raised the possibility of the use of TMS as a novel therapeutic tool for depression. CONCLUSIONS: Many parameters, such as intensity, location, frequency, pulse width, intertrain interval, coil type, duration, numbers of sessions, and interval between sessions remain to be systematically explored. However TMS would be a relatively new and noninvasive method to investigate regional brain activity and to treat depression.
Brain ; Depression* ; Head ; Humans ; Magnetic Fields ; Neurons ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation*

Objective: To identify, for the first time, the prevalence and impact of Boosepivirus (BooV) on calf diarrhea in the ROK. Methods: Here, the unknown cause of calf diarrhea was determined using metagenomics We then explored the prevalence of certain pathogens, including BooV, that cause NCD. Seventy diarrheal fecal samples from Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) calves were analyzed using reverse transcriptase and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for pathogen detection and BooV isolate sequencing. Results: The complete genome of BooV was detected from unknown causes of calf diarrhea.And also, BooV was the most frequently detected pathogen (35.7%) among 8 pathogens in 70 diarrheic feces from Hanwoo calves. Co-infection analyses indicated that most BooV-positive samples were solely infected with BooV, indicating its significance in NCD in the ROK. All isolates were classified as BooV B in phylogenetic analysis. Conclusions and Relevance: This is the first study to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of BooV in calf diarrhea in the ROK, highlighting the potential importance of BooV as a causative agent of calf diarrhea and highlighting the need for further research on its epidemiology and pathogenicity.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in blood cell count are well recognized features of bacteremia. The study objective was to determine the hematologic changes predictive of bacteremia. METHODS: We retrospectively studied febrile adult patients with neutrophilia and included patients were either bacteriologically proven cases or those who had clinically suspected bacterial infections. Hematologic findings derived from basic hematologic tests were compared between patients with and those without bacteremia. RESULTS: Of the 624 patients, 143 (22.9%) had significant bacteremia. The following items were significantly different between patients with and those without bacteremia by univariate analysis: absolute neutrophil count, neutrophil differential, absolute lymphocyte count, lymphocyte differential, platelet count and band-associated parameters such as absolute band neutrophil count (ABC). Multivariate analysis revealed platelet count, lymphocyte differential and ABC as independent predictors (P<0.0001, each). Platelet count, the most potent predictor of bacteremia, showed area under the curve (AUC) of 0.685. Analysis according to the primary diagnosis indicated that the most potent predictors of bacteremia in patients with respiratory tract, urinary tract and hepatobiliary system infections were platelet count (P=0.002, AUC=0.697), ABC (P=0.002, AUC=0.681) and neutrophil differential (P=0.0001, AUC=0.822), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Simple variables obtained from basic hematologic tests were associated with bacteremia even in febrile patients with neutrophilia. In particular, very high neutrophil differential was highly predictive of bacteremia in patients with hepatobiliary system infections and its clinical usefulness needs to be elucidated in a prospective study.
Adult ; Bacteremia ; Bacterial Infections ; Blood Cell Count ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphocytes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neutrophils ; Platelet Count ; Respiratory System ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Tract

OBJECTIVE: Considerable information is available about bipolar disorder in young individuals. However, there is remarkable paucity of information regarding bipolar disorder in the elderly. Some studies suggests a different demographic data, family history, and psychosocial profiles for elderly patients with early and late onset bipolar disorder, but these differencies are remained controversial. So we investigated characteristics of early and late onset bipolar disorder for elderly inpatients. METHODS: Data of 30 inpatients over 50 year-old ages with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder according to DSM-IV from January 1998 to December 2002 were collected. We divided cases to early onset group and late onset group. The cut-off age were 50 years. Data on demographics, family histories, and other clinical variables were analyzed and compared between early onset group and late onset group. RESULTS: The late onset group had more number of episode and longer intervals between episodes. But two groups had no differencies on other demographics and clinical variables. There is no differency of psychiatric family histories and combined cerebrovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggests that early and late onset bipolar disorder have no considerable differencies on their characteristics and therefore they are not two different subtypes of bipolar disorder. But this study has some limitation of small number of cases and retrospective design. So additional clinical studies about elderly bipolar patients would contribute the understanding of geriatric mood disorder and mental health.
Aged ; Bipolar Disorder* ; Demography ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Mental Health ; Middle Aged ; Mood Disorders ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: Weight gain is a commonly encountered problem associated with atypical antipsychotics, especially olanzapine. To investigate the weight reducing effect of amantadine, we conducted an prospective open label study. METHODS: We started amantadine treatment in outpatients who had gained weight during olanzapine treatment (mean dose of 11.94 mg/day, mean weight gain of 6.33 kg). Data were collected at St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea. The add-on treatment of amantadine was given at a mean dose of 161.9 mg/day with mean duration of administration for 110.2 day. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale were checked to evaluate the tolerability of amantadine. RESULTS: Before administration of amantadine, the mean dose of olanzapine was 11.94+/-4.58 mg and mean duration of administration was 123.1+/-174.6 days. Body weight and BMI during this period was significantly increased mean 6.33+/-4.45 kg (Z=-3.839, p<0.001), 4.94+/-0.75 (Z=-3.724, p<0.001) respectively. Amantadine was administered mean dose of 161.90+/-58.96 mg for mean 110.2+/-78.7 days. Body weight and BMI was decreased mean 0.96+/-3.44 kg, 0.71+/-2.7, respectively. There was no deterioration in psychiatric symptoms, as shown in BPRS score decrement and no adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION: The present data suggests that amantadine does not significantly decrease weight gain experienced by some patients during olanzapine treatment and does not worse psychotic symptoms. Randomized placebo-controlled trial should be needed to confirm these findings.
Amantadine* ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Body Weight ; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ; Humans ; Korea ; Outpatients ; Prospective Studies ; Weight Gain*

Small osteophytes are frequently encountered in the foot and ankle, and not to be confused with true osteochondromas, which are relatively uncommon in this region. Osteochondromas are the most common benign osseous neoplasm, occurs in the metaphysis of the long bone. It is rarely found in bones of the foot. Treatment of the osteochondroma is usually conservative, unless symptoms usually pain, are progressive rapid growth, and malignant transformation is suspected. We experienced a rare case of hallux rigidus with osteochondroma of the hallucal proximal phalanx which cause pain and corn of the plantar.
Animals ; Ankle ; Foot ; Hallux ; Hallux Rigidus ; Osteochondroma ; Osteophyte ; Zea mays

Various types of tumor can occur in the subungual space, including glomus tumors, subungual exostosis, hemangioma, epidermal cysts, and malignant tumors. While fibromatosis can occur at various sites throughout the body, it is very rarely seen in the toe. Here, we are the first to report a case of superficial fibromatosis mimicking a glomus tumor in the subungual space of the second toe. The presentation of this condition shows the possibility of encountering uncommon superficial fibromatosis in the distal phalanx of the toe, and suggests that superficial fibromatosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of a glomus tumor in the toe.
Adult ; *Fibroma ; *Glomus Tumor ; Humans ; Male ; *Osteochondroma ; *Toes/pathology/surgery

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether elderly and young adults differ in their recognition of facial expressions of emotion. METHODS: A total of 120 (elderly group 53, young group 67) subjects participated in this study. Korean facial expressions of emotion including happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise and neutral were used as stimuli for facial affect recognition test. Computerized facial affect recognition test that consists of facial affect discrimination test and facial affect intensity test was performed. RESULTS: For facial affect discrimination test, there was a significant difference between two groups (F=3.986, p<.01) after controlling the effect of education. Elderly participants showed significantly less correct recognition rate with sadness, anger and disgust (p<.05). For facial affect intensity test, there was no significant difference between the groups in recognition of emotional intensity. Chi-square test or t-test was done according to the clinical variables. Multivariate analysis of covariance was done to test group differences of correct recognition rate and emotional intensity. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of differential decrease of facial affect recognition in elderly using Korean facial expressions. This study suggests that the decrement of facial affect recognition maye be a part of normal aging process.
Aged* ; Aging ; Anger ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Education ; Facial Expression ; Happiness ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Young Adult