PURPOSE: We investigated the direct labeling method of antibody with 99mTc and 188Re and examined the stability and function of these labeled compounds in in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Disulfide bond of nonspecific human IgG was reduced to -SH group by 2-mercaptoethanol. Stannous ion was used to reduce 99mTc and 188Re. The stability of 99mTc-IgG and 188Re-IgG was estimated upto 24 hrs. Biodistribution was evaluated in abscess bearing rats at 4 and 24 hr post-injection of 99mTc or 188Re labeled IgG. RESULTS: The number of -SH group per reduced IgG molecule was 2.34. The labeling yield of 99mTc-IgG and 188Re-IgG were 90% and 95%, respectively. The stability of 99mTc-IgG at 1, 4, 6 and 24 hr was 91%, 83%, 78%, 7% and that of 188Re-IgG, high uptake was found on kidney, blood, stomach and abscess (9.42+/-0.68, 1.43+/-0.24, 0.86+/-0.18, 0.72+/-0.10 %ID/g, respectively). The uptakes at 24 hr were kidney, abscess, stomach, and blood in descending order. In case of 188Re-IgG, high uptake at 4 hr post injection appeared on kidney, blood, abscess and stomach (3.92+/-0.62, 1.32+/-0.08, 0.88+/-0.01, 0.26+/-0.06, respectively). The upatkes at 24 hr were kidney, abscess, blood abd stomach in descending order. The abscess to blood uptake ratio of 99mTc-IgG was 0.5 at 4 hr and 2.02 at 24 hr and that of 188Re-IgG was 0.67 and 1.29. CONCLUSION: 99mTc-IgG and 188Re-IgG and 188Re-IgG canbe labeled efficiently with direct labeling method. However, 99mTc-IgG and 188Re-IgG, labeled with direct method, was unstable. Further study in needed to enhance the stability of the antibody labeling.
Abscess ; Animals ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Kidney ; Mercaptoethanol ; Rats ; Stomach

Enterovirus 71 (E-71) infection was first described in 1974 after isolation studies of specimens from a series of patients who had severe neurological disease. One important feature of E-71 is its ability to cause paralytic disease. In the summer of 1997, we identified 4 children with E-71 infection. The striking feature of this outbreak is the occurrence of all cases with polio-like paralytic disease. Other disease associated with E-71 infection included aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, respiratory disease, gastroenteritis, and hand-foot-mouth disease. The spectrum of illness observed in our cases was compared to that seen in other outbreaks. It is suggested that the significance of E-71 infection lies in its neuropathogenic potential. There is no specific, therapeutic modality of E-71 infection but its prognosis is good except some cases.
Child ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterovirus* ; Gastroenteritis ; Humans ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Meningoencephalitis ; Prognosis ; Strikes, Employee

No abstract available.

We report the case of 60-yr-old female in which therapeutic hypothermia (TH) was successfully induced maintaining the target temperature of 34degrees C for 12 hr despite a risk of hypothermia-induced coagulation abnormalities following an emergent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) due to failed percutaneous coronary intervention, who suffered a cardiac arrest. Emergent CABG may be a relative contraindication for TH in post-cardiac arrest patients because hypothermia may increase the risk of infection and bleeding. However, the possibility of an improved neurologic outcome outweighs the risk of bleeding, although major surgery may be a relative contraindication for TH.
Body Temperature ; Coma/complications ; *Coronary Artery Bypass ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart Arrest/complications/*diagnosis/therapy ; Humans ; *Hypothermia, Induced ; Intensive Care Units ; Middle Aged ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To know the usefulness of the Modified Mini- Mental State Exam (3MS) as a screening test of cognitive function after stroke and the relationship between the 3MS with clock drawing task (CDT) and the 3MS with visual scan task (VST) in view of visual neglect and functional outcome. METHOD: We studied 17 patients with unilateral hemisphere stroke [7 right hemisphere stroke (RHS), 10 left hemisphere stroke (LHS)] who have a mean age of 59.4 years and a mean hospital stay of 34.3 days on final examination. None of them had the previous history of mental illness or the previous stroke attack. We performed the MMSE, 3MS, VST and CDT at the first week of onset of stroke and at discharge. RESULTS: 1) 3MS was a valuable screening test of cognitive function like MMSE (p<0.05) in both RHS and LHS groups. 2) VST was a valuable screening method of unilateral neglect in patients with normal 3MS (p<0.05). 3) CDT was also valuable screening method of unilateral neglect in patients with normal 3MS (p<0.05). 4) 3MS with CDT showed no significant correlation with FIM score (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We think that 3MS is a valuable screening test of cognitive function after stroke. VST and CDTs are valuable screening tools in estimating unilateral neglect after stroke. But 3MS with CDT is not well correlated with functional outcome.
Humans ; Length of Stay ; Mass Screening ; Stroke*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography for limited finger joint mobility in diabetes and association between limited finger joint mobility and the presence of diabetic chronic complications. METHODS: Ultrasonography were performed in 13 non insulin-dependent diabetes with limited finger joint mobility and 15 non insulin-dependent diabetes without limited finger joint mobility matched for similar ages, sexes and durations of diabetes. Controls consisted of 12 healthy volunteers with no evidence of diabetes mellitus. Ultrasonography was used to measure flexor tendon and tendon sheath thickness of the third and fourth fingers in the volar aspect of both hands. We evaluated neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy in all diabetic patients and investigated association between limited finger joint mobility and the presence of diabetic chronic complications. RESULTS: Thickness of flexor tendon sheath of the third and fourth fingers were significantly increased in the diabetes with limited finger joint mobility compared to the diabetes without limited finger joint mobility (p<0.01). Also, flexor tendon thickness of the third finger was significantly increased in the diabetes with limited finger joint mobility compared to the diabetes without limited finger joint mobility (p<0.05). The diabetes with limited finger joint mobility had a significantly increased frequency of the diabetic chronic complications (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In the diabetes with limited finger joint mobility, thickening of flexor tendon sheath and tendon were shown by ultrasonography. This finding suggests that ultrasonography can be used to diagnose limited finger joint mobility in the diabetes. Limited finger joint mobility is closely associated with diabetic chronic complications.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Finger Joint* ; Fingers* ; Hand ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Tendons ; Ultrasonography*

PURPOSE: To compare the protective effects of saponin and non-saponin Sun-ginseng extract fractions in a selenite-induced rat cataract model. METHODS: A total of 101 Sprague-Dawley rat pups were divided into four groups by treatment: Sun-ginseng, saponin fraction, non-saponin fraction, and control. For induction of cataracts, sodium selenite 15 nmol/g was injected subcutaneously in 13 day-old rat pups. Sun-ginseng extract 100 microgram/g (Group I, Ginseng Science, Seoul, Korea), saponin fraction 100 microgram/g (Group II), non-saponin fraction 100 microgram/g (Group III), and phosphate buffered saline (Control group) were injected intraperitoneally every two days for a total of seven injections. The rats were sacrified and their lenses were dissected and photographed at day 7 and 14, and the cataracts were graded according to the ratio of the cataract area to the total lens area. The blind method was used for the evaluation of the cataract area. RESULTS: At day 14, cataract formation rates (CFR) were 33.3% in group I, 76.4% in group II, 41.2% in group III, and 77.7% in the control group. The mean cataract area (MCA) was 13.4+/-20.8% in group I, 14.4+/-11.7% in group II, 5.7+/-7.7% in group III, and 15.8+/-12.1% in the control group. Group III showed statistically significant results compared with those of control group (CFR p=0.001, MCA p=0.001). We observed significantly lower incidence and smaller mean cataract area in Group I and Group III at day 7 compared with the control group (Group I, CFR p=0.018; Group III, CFR p=0.032, MCA p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The protective effects of Sun-ginseng extract are caused by the components in the non-saponin fraction, not by those in the saponin fraction, in a selenite-induced cataract rat model.
Animals ; Cataract ; Incidence ; Panax ; Rats ; Saponins ; Sodium Selenite ; Solar System

PURPOSE: The herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene (HSV1-tk) is an attractive candidate as a reporter gene in noninvasive reporter gene monitoring system. The HSV1-tk gene was chosen as a reporter gene, because it has been extensively studied, and there are appropriate reporter probes, substrates of HSV1-tk gene product, to apply for HSV1-tk gene imaging. We used radiolabeled 5-iodovinyl-2'-deoxyuridine (IVDU) and 5-Iodovinyl-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (IVFRU) as reporter probes for HSV1-tk gene monitoring system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prepared HSV1-tk gene transduced Morris hepatoma cell line using retroviral vector, MOLTEN containing HSV1-tk gene. And we confirmed the HSV1-tk gene expression by Northern blotting and Western blotting. We compared in vitro uptakes of radioiodinated IVDU and IVFRU to monitor HSV1-tk gene expression in Morris hepatoma cell line (MCA) and HSV1-tk gene tranduced MCA (MCA-tk) cells until 480 minutes. We also performed correlation analysis between percentage of HSV1-tk gene tranduced MCA cell % (MCA-tk%) and uptakes of radiolabeled IVDU or IVFRU. RESULTS: MCA-tk cell expressed HSV1-tk mRNA and HSV1-TK protein. Two compounds showed minimal uptake in MCA, but increased uptake was observed in MCA-tk. IVDU showed 4-fold higher accumulation than IVFRU at 480 min in MCA-tk (p< 0.01). Both IVDU and IVFRU uptake were linearly correlated (R2> 0.96) with increasing MCA-tk%. CONCLUSION: The radiolabeld IVDU and IVFRU showed higher specific accumulation in retrovirally HSV1-tk gene transfected Morris hepatoma cell line. Both IVDU and IVFRU could be used as good substrates for evaluation of HSV1-tk gene expression.
Animals ; Blotting, Northern ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Line* ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Reporter ; Genetic Therapy ; Herpes Simplex* ; Herpesvirus 1, Human ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental* ; RNA, Messenger ; Simplexvirus* ; Thymidine Kinase* ; Thymidine* ; Zidovudine

OBJECTIVE: The authors present cases of cyst formation after gamma knife radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformation. METHODS: One hundred seventy eight arteriovenous malformation patients were treated with Gamma knife radiosurgery from October, 1994 to October, 2002. Six patients developed cyst after Gamma knife radiosurgery after a mean of 46.5 months(range, 11-62 months). Male to female ratio was 5: 1 and mean age was 19.7 years(range, 15-24 years). RESULTS: The mean marginal dose was 22.7Gy(range, 10-25Gy) and mean volume was 22.4cm3(range, 1.9-80.3cm3). Initial symptoms were hemorrhage in three, seizure in two and headache in one. Symptom after cyst formation was motor weakness in three patients, asymptome in three patients. The locations of the cyst were basal ganglia in two, parietal in two, occipital in one, parietooccipital in one. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt was performed in one, Ommaya's reservoir insertion in one, craniotomy and removal of cyst and then Ommaya's reservoir insertion after 8 months in one and no treatment was given in three. CONCLUSION: Cyst formation after Gamma knife radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformation may occur. However, symptomatic cysts can be effectively treated with Ommaya's reservoir insertion, or cystoperitoneal shunt and in some cases, excision is needed.
Arteriovenous Malformations ; Basal Ganglia ; Craniotomy ; Female ; Headache ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations* ; Male ; Rabeprazole ; Radiosurgery* ; Seizures ; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

Intraventricular hemorrhage is common in premature infants, and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus may follow. Rarely, intraventricular hemorrhage can occur in utero and may lead to congenital hydrocephalus. In most cases no underlying disease is identified. The fetus may be compromised by intrauterine hypoxia leading to hemorrhage. Fetal hydrocephalus can be identified by ultrasonography, but the hemorrhagic lesion can be identified with high sensitivity by magnetic resonance imaging. There are neurologic deficit in neonate with fetal hydrocephalus. Early surgical treatment is recommended for neurodevelopmental outcome. We experienced a case of congenital hydrocephalus associated with fetal intraventricular hemorrhage in our hospital. We report the case with a brief review of the literature.
Anoxia ; Fetus ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurologic Manifestations