Background: Energy drinks are gaining popularity among young people worldwide. However, little is known about their consumption among Korean adolescents.Purpose: To examine the prevalence and factors associated with energy drink consumption among Korean adolescents. Methods: This study used data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted in 2014–2017 and in 2019. A total of 325,210 participants aged 12–18 years were included. The prevalence of energy drink consumption (with 95% confidence intervals) was estimated. Multivariable logistic regression analyses examined the association between energy drink consumption and sociodemographic and individual factors. Results: The prevalence of consuming energy drinks 3 or more times during the previous 7 days increased significantly from 3.2% in 2014 to 12.2% in 2019 (P for trend<0.001). This increasing trend was observed in all subgroups regardless of sex, school grade, region of residence, subjective economic status, family cohabitation status, and academic achievement. Data from the 2014–2017 and 2019 surveys revealed that boys, high schoolers, city-dwelling adolescents, adolescents with low economic status, those not living with their families, and those with low academic achievement were more likely to consume energy drinks. However, the relationship between energy drink consumption and the associated factors differed by survey year and school grade. In 2019, higher energy drink consumption among middle schoolers was associated with sex (male), low economic status, not living with family, and low academic achievement; however, higher energy drink consumption among high schoolers was associated with city-dwelling, high economic status, not living with family, and high academic achievement. Conclusion Energy drink consumption is common, has recently increased among Korean adolescents, and varies according to sociodemographic and individual factors. Further research to monitor the energy drink consumption of adolescents and understand their attitudes toward and factors influencing energy drink consumption is needed to develop policies and educational strategies for energy drink consumption.

Background: Energy drinks are gaining popularity among young people worldwide. However, little is known about their consumption among Korean adolescents.Purpose: To examine the prevalence and factors associated with energy drink consumption among Korean adolescents. Methods: This study used data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted in 2014–2017 and in 2019. A total of 325,210 participants aged 12–18 years were included. The prevalence of energy drink consumption (with 95% confidence intervals) was estimated. Multivariable logistic regression analyses examined the association between energy drink consumption and sociodemographic and individual factors. Results: The prevalence of consuming energy drinks 3 or more times during the previous 7 days increased significantly from 3.2% in 2014 to 12.2% in 2019 (P for trend<0.001). This increasing trend was observed in all subgroups regardless of sex, school grade, region of residence, subjective economic status, family cohabitation status, and academic achievement. Data from the 2014–2017 and 2019 surveys revealed that boys, high schoolers, city-dwelling adolescents, adolescents with low economic status, those not living with their families, and those with low academic achievement were more likely to consume energy drinks. However, the relationship between energy drink consumption and the associated factors differed by survey year and school grade. In 2019, higher energy drink consumption among middle schoolers was associated with sex (male), low economic status, not living with family, and low academic achievement; however, higher energy drink consumption among high schoolers was associated with city-dwelling, high economic status, not living with family, and high academic achievement. Conclusion Energy drink consumption is common, has recently increased among Korean adolescents, and varies according to sociodemographic and individual factors. Further research to monitor the energy drink consumption of adolescents and understand their attitudes toward and factors influencing energy drink consumption is needed to develop policies and educational strategies for energy drink consumption.

Background: Energy drinks are gaining popularity among young people worldwide. However, little is known about their consumption among Korean adolescents.Purpose: To examine the prevalence and factors associated with energy drink consumption among Korean adolescents. Methods: This study used data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted in 2014–2017 and in 2019. A total of 325,210 participants aged 12–18 years were included. The prevalence of energy drink consumption (with 95% confidence intervals) was estimated. Multivariable logistic regression analyses examined the association between energy drink consumption and sociodemographic and individual factors. Results: The prevalence of consuming energy drinks 3 or more times during the previous 7 days increased significantly from 3.2% in 2014 to 12.2% in 2019 (P for trend<0.001). This increasing trend was observed in all subgroups regardless of sex, school grade, region of residence, subjective economic status, family cohabitation status, and academic achievement. Data from the 2014–2017 and 2019 surveys revealed that boys, high schoolers, city-dwelling adolescents, adolescents with low economic status, those not living with their families, and those with low academic achievement were more likely to consume energy drinks. However, the relationship between energy drink consumption and the associated factors differed by survey year and school grade. In 2019, higher energy drink consumption among middle schoolers was associated with sex (male), low economic status, not living with family, and low academic achievement; however, higher energy drink consumption among high schoolers was associated with city-dwelling, high economic status, not living with family, and high academic achievement. Conclusion Energy drink consumption is common, has recently increased among Korean adolescents, and varies according to sociodemographic and individual factors. Further research to monitor the energy drink consumption of adolescents and understand their attitudes toward and factors influencing energy drink consumption is needed to develop policies and educational strategies for energy drink consumption.

Background: Energy drinks are gaining popularity among young people worldwide. However, little is known about their consumption among Korean adolescents.Purpose: To examine the prevalence and factors associated with energy drink consumption among Korean adolescents. Methods: This study used data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted in 2014–2017 and in 2019. A total of 325,210 participants aged 12–18 years were included. The prevalence of energy drink consumption (with 95% confidence intervals) was estimated. Multivariable logistic regression analyses examined the association between energy drink consumption and sociodemographic and individual factors. Results: The prevalence of consuming energy drinks 3 or more times during the previous 7 days increased significantly from 3.2% in 2014 to 12.2% in 2019 (P for trend<0.001). This increasing trend was observed in all subgroups regardless of sex, school grade, region of residence, subjective economic status, family cohabitation status, and academic achievement. Data from the 2014–2017 and 2019 surveys revealed that boys, high schoolers, city-dwelling adolescents, adolescents with low economic status, those not living with their families, and those with low academic achievement were more likely to consume energy drinks. However, the relationship between energy drink consumption and the associated factors differed by survey year and school grade. In 2019, higher energy drink consumption among middle schoolers was associated with sex (male), low economic status, not living with family, and low academic achievement; however, higher energy drink consumption among high schoolers was associated with city-dwelling, high economic status, not living with family, and high academic achievement. Conclusion Energy drink consumption is common, has recently increased among Korean adolescents, and varies according to sociodemographic and individual factors. Further research to monitor the energy drink consumption of adolescents and understand their attitudes toward and factors influencing energy drink consumption is needed to develop policies and educational strategies for energy drink consumption.

The Dieulafoy's lesion is a rare cause of recurrent massive gastrointestinal bleeding in children. The bleeding results from an abnormally large submucosal artery that protrudes through a small mucosal defect. The lesion is commonly found on proximal stomach. Surgical intervention was believed to be the best treatment in the past, but recent advancement in endoscopy has made effective hemostasis possible. We report a case of a 9-year-old boy with underlying mycoplasma pneumonia with effusion who presented with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding was controlled with endoscopic treatment by epinephrine and ethanol injection and the patient was successfully treated.
Arteries ; Child* ; Endoscopy ; Epinephrine ; Ethanol* ; Hemorrhage ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Male ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma ; Stomach

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Food composition databases are necessary for assessing dietary intakes. Developing and maintaining a high quality database is difficult because of the high cost of analyzing nutrient profiles and the recent fast-changing food marketplace. Thus, priorities have to be set for developing and updating the database. We aimed to identify key foods in the Korean diet to set priorities for future analysis of foods. SUBJECTS/METHODS: modified the US Department of Agriculture's key food approach. First, major foods were analyzed, contributing to 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of each nutrient intake. Second, the cumulative contributions to nutrient intakes were compared before and after excluding the foods least commonly consumed by individuals. Third, total nutrient score for each food was calculated by summing all percent contributions times 100 for nutrients. To set priorities among the foods in the list, we sorted the score in descending order and then compared total percent contributions of foods, within the 100, 90, 85, 80, and 75 percentiles of the list. Finally, we selected the minimum list of foods contributing to at least 90% of the key nutrient intake as key items for analysis. RESULTS: Among the 1,575 foods consumed by individuals, 456 were selected as key foods. Those foods were chosen as items above the 80 percentile of the total nutrient score, among the foods contributing at least 85% of any nutrient intake. On an average, the selected key foods contributed to more than 90% of key nutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS: In total, 456 foods, contributing at least 90% of the key nutrient intake, were selected as key foods. This approach to select a minimum list of key foods will be helpful for systematically updating and revising food composition databases.
Diet ; Food Analysis ; Nutrition Surveys

There are many variant forms in Turner's syndrome which is characterized by female phenotype, short height, primary amenorrhea, infertility, abnormal secondary sexual development, and mental retardation. Among these 45,XO/46,XX/47,XXX form is known as rare variant of Turner's syndrome. 45,XO/46,XX/47,XXX mosaicism is characterized by normal height, possibility of normal sexual development, menstrual/pregnancy history and normal intelligence. We report a cse of 45,XO/46,XX/47,XXX Turner's syndrome associated with primary amenorrhea in 17-year old Korean female.
Adolescent ; Amenorrhea* ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility ; Intellectual Disability ; Intelligence ; Mosaicism* ; Phenotype ; Sexual Development ; Turner Syndrome

BACKGROUND: An association between diabetes and tuberculosis has long ken implied. The severity of diabetes appears to correlate with the degree of tuberculous activity. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 82 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetics(DMTB) and 83 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis in nondiabetios (Non-DMTB) admitted to the Kyung Hee Medical Center between January 1995 and December 1996 was undertaken. RESULTS: The sex ratio of DMTB was 58 : 24, and that of Non-DMTB was 62 : 21. Male patients predominated in both groups. The highest incidence of DMIB was 6th and 7th decades and that of Non-DMTB was 3rd and 4th decades. In case which the tuberculosis developed after diagnosis of diabetes, the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was the highest in diabetes for 5 -10 years. On chest X-ray findings, the moderate advanced tuberculosis cases were the most common (60.9% in DMTB and 50.6% in Non-DMTB). There was no relation between the degree of tuberculosis activity on chest x-ray(minimal, moderata awl far advanced tuberculosis) and presence of diabetes. The incidence of lower lung field tuberculosis in DMTB was significantly higher than Non-DMTB(p<0.05). The multiple lobe involvement was the predominant chest roentgenograpflc finding in both groups. There was no significant difference of treatment response between DMTB and Non-DMTB. There was no relationship between initial HbA1c and the stverity of pulmonary tuberculosis on chest X-ray. During treatmenu of pulmonary tuberculosis in excellently and well controlled diabetes, the cure rate of pulmonary tuberculosis was sigrificantly higher than the pcorly controlled diabetes and the rate of treatment failure was significantly lower than poorly controlled diabetes. (p<0.05). CONCLUISON: Poor control of blood glucose is related with increased rate of treatment failure in pulmonary tuberculosis with diabetes mellitus. Further investigation will be needed to study the mechanisms of treatment failure in poorly controlled diabetics with pulmonaiy tuberculosis.
Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lung ; Male ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Ratio ; Thorax ; Treatment Failure ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary*

OBJECTIVES: Many recent studies have suggested that several systemic conditions, such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, are related to periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether any particular metabolic syndrome component correlates with the periodontal status. METHODS: This study analyzed data from 501 adults (age range, 30 to 64 years) who completed a general physical examination and an oral-health-related questionnaire between January 2014 and June 2014. Periodontitis was already used by the validity and reliability has been proven questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between metabolic syndrome and the presence of chronic periodontitis. RESULTS: Among the 501 participants, 81 (16.2%) had metabolic syndrome and 91 (18.2%) had chronic periodontitis. The prevalence of chronic periodontitis was 28.40% (23/81) and 16.19% (68/420) in the participants with and without metabolic syndrome, respectively. The association remained significant after adjusting for sex, age, education, income, occupation, and smoking status; the adjusted odds ratio was 2.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 3.71). CONCLUSIONS: A significant association exists between metabolic syndrome components and the periodontal status.
Adult ; Chronic Periodontitis ; Education ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Logistic Models ; Obesity ; Occupations ; Odds Ratio ; Periodontitis ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Reproducibility of Results ; Smoke ; Smoking

In published article by Li et al., an author's name was misspelled.