Abscence of right superior vena cava(SVC) in visceroatrial situs solitus is a rare(0.07% to 0.13%) congenital cardiovascular malformation, and little is known about the type and frequency of additional heart defects and arrhythmias. We reviewed previous publications and report the case of 8 month old male infant with absent right superior vena cava and persistent left superior vena cava and large secundum atrial septal defect, mild pulmonary valvular stenosis.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Heart ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial* ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Vena Cava, Superior*

Romberg's disease is an uncommon condition manifested by progressive hemifacial atrophy of the skin, soft tissue and bone. Facial asymmetry with soft tissue deficiency in Romberg's disease causes a significant disability affecting the social life and can bring about many psychological problems. The aim of surgical treatment is cosmetic amelioration of the defect. Several conventional reconstructive procedures have been used for correcting facial asymmetry. They include fat injections, dermal fat grafts, silicone injections, cartilage and bone grafts, pedicled flaps and free flaps. We report our experience with 6 patients involving 6 free flaps with a minimun of 1 year follow-up who were treated from October 1989 to March 1998. All patients were classified as having moderate to severe atrophy. The average age of disease onset was 4.5 years. The average duration of atrophy was 5.2 years. No patient was operated on with a quiescent interval of less than 1 year. The average age at operation was 14.1 years, ranging from 10 to 24 years. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 9 years. Reconstruction was performed using 2 groin dermofat free flaps and 4 latissimus dorsi muscular free flaps. To achieve the finest symmetrical and aesthetic results, several ancillary procedures were performed in 4 patients. These procedures included Le-Fore 1 1/2 leveling osteotomy, sagittal split ramus osteotomy, reduction malarplasty and angleplasty, rib and calvarial bone graft, correction of alopecia and additional dermofat graft. All patients were satisfied with the results. We believe that free flap is one of the best choices for contoured restoration of facial asymmetry in Romberg's disease.
Alopecia ; Atrophy ; Cartilage ; Facial Asymmetry ; Facial Hemiatrophy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Free Tissue Flaps* ; Groin ; Humans ; Osteotomy ; Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus ; Ribs ; Silicones ; Skin ; Superficial Back Muscles ; Surgical Flaps ; Transplants

Hemangiopericytoma was first described by Stout & Murray in 1942 and was an uncommon soft tissue tumor thought to be derived from vascular pericytes. Approximately 10-15% of the cases occur in children have a propensity to develop in the region of head, neck and lower extremities. We experienced a case of congenital hemangiopericytoma of small bowel in a male neonate who showed vomiting and abdorninal distension. We reported a case of congenital hemangiopericytoma of small bowel with brief review of related literature.
Child ; Head ; Hemangiopericytoma* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intestinal Obstruction* ; Intestine, Small ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Neck ; Pericytes ; Vomiting

p53 is a tumor suppressor gene product identified in a wide range of tumor including colorectal carcinoma. Genetic alterations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are common in human colorectal carcinoma. bcl-2 is a protooncogene that inhibits apoptosis. The products of mutant p53 gene and bcl-2 have been associated with prognosis in several malignancies including colorectal carcinomas. This study was undertaken to evaluate values of p53 and bcl-2 oncoproteins as prognostic factors relative to clinicopathological factors and correlation of their expression. Analyses were made on achieval pathologic tissues of 80 patients with colorectal carcinomas including 34 patients able to follow-up over 5 years. The oncoproteins were localized using commercially available monoclonal antibodies:DO-7 for p53, clone124 for bcl-2. Expression of bcl-2 was cytoplasmic, whereas nuclear p53 expression was localized in carcinoma cells. The patients were 17 to 83 years of age. The expression of p53 and bcl-2 was determined respectively in 30 (37.5%) and 21 (26.3%)cases. The expression of p53 nuclear expression was not correlated with tumor location, size, histologic grade, Duke's classification, regional lymph node metastasis and tumor recurrence. The cytoplasmic expression of bcl-2 was not correlated with tumor location, size, histologic grade, Duke's classification, regional lymph node metastasis and recurrence. Univariate analysis showed that patients with p53 nuclear expression were not associated with poorer overall survival than patients with p53 negative, and also showed in patients with bcl-2 expression. The expression of p53 did not affect to that of bcl-2. We concluded that the p53 nuclear and bcl-2 cytoplasmic expression were not independent prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas. Evidence of reciprocity of bcl-2 and p53 expression was not found.
Apoptosis ; Classification ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Cytoplasm ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genes, p53 ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogene Proteins ; Prognosis ; Recurrence

OBJECTIVES: Considerable variations in the contents of clinical practice are the natural consequences of the fact that so many factors can have influences on each clinical decision making processes in the psychiatric treatment, let alone the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. To attain the goal of rational treatment, it is needed to examine the actual contents of clinical practices and the degree of variations among diverse hospitals. In addition, it is also needed to look into the unique situations in which each hospital is situated. For this purpose, this study tried to investigate the degree of variations in several aspects of the treatment of schizophrenia with atypical antipsychotics currently practiced in Korea. METHODS: This study is based on the data from RODOS (Risperidone Olanzapine Drug Outcome Study) in Korea. This study had been designed as a multi-center naturalistic study, therefore, had many advantages for the survey study of actual clinical practices. The subjects of the study were the in-patients who had been given risperidone or olanzapine for the control of their psychotic symptoms. Clinical data had been gathered by retrospective chart review. The degree and the characteristics of the variations were examined by comparing the patient-characteristic variables and the treatment-related variables among each hospital. RESULTS: The differences in the baseline characteristics of the patients including the duration of illness and the past history of psychiatric treatment were substantial among each hospital, and these differences seemed to explain a great portion of the variations in the contents of treatment. The variations in the dosage of risperidone and olanzapine were not conspicuous among each hospital. However, the variations in other treatment-related variables, including duration of admission, proportion of combined therapy with other antipsychotics, usage of anticholinergics, detection rate of extrapyramidal symptoms, remained statistically significant after adjusting the baseline patient characteristics as covariates. Although no significant correlation among each variable was found, a couple of unique practice patterns common to several hospitals could be observed. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable variations in the diverse treatment-related variables were observed in the treatment of schizophrenic patients with risperidone and olanzapine. It seemed that the major portion of these variations could be explained by the characteristic of patient group. However, the possibility remained that the other factors including the socio-cultural environment of the community and the disposition of the clinician themselves were still the major contributing factors to these variations. It is expected that the future clinical practice surveys like this study can help the clinicians to reevaluate their current practices, and can help to accumulate the basic data needed to establish the more rational and customized treatment practices.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; Decision Making ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Korea ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Retrospective Studies ; Risperidone* ; Schizophrenia

Duplex ultrasonography (USG) is an accepted method to assess noninvasively arterial inflow to the penis. Optimal pharmacological agents as well as timing of the scan and stimulation during the scan continue to be debated. Between August 1994 and May 1996, 24 normal males (control group) and 45 impotent patients (impotence group) underwent penile doppler sonography, and their records were reviewed. Scans were performed at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after intracavernous injection of PGE1 (10 pg) in all subjects. Any subject not having a full erection at 15 minutes performed private self-stimulation for at least 5 minutes before the 30 minute scan. If we define normal arterial inflow as a peak systolic velocity (PSV) of 30 cm. per second or greater in the best artery, 46% of control group and 55% of impotence group achieved this velocity until 5 minutes. One (4%) of control group and three (6%) of impotence group achieved maximum velocity at 1 or 3 minutes but continually PSV of 30 cm. per second or greater after 5 minutes, so any subject may not have had an incorrect diagnosis. When we calculated maximum velocity in the best artery in relation to percentage tumescence, maximum velocity were recorded most often at 10% tumescence (46% of control group and 51% of impotence group). If we define normal arterial inflow as PSV of 30 cm. per second or greater in best artery, the cumulative percentage of patients who achieved this velocity at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes were 4, 34, 46, 88, 96, 96 and 100% in control group and 6, 28, 55, 90, 92, 94 and 96% in impotence group. In conclusion, we support delaying the initial scan until 5 minutes, performing the additional scans until 30 minutes and self-stimulation when necessary. We believe all efforts should be made to have studies performed in the setting of least anxiety to the patient.
Alprostadil* ; Anxiety ; Arteries ; Diagnosis ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Male ; Penis ; Ultrasonography*

No abstract available.
Emphysema* ; Tuberculosis*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The endoscopic mucosal resection has now been adopted for a useful modality in both curative therapy and accurate diagnosis of early gastric cancer. A retrospective study was done to evaluate the indication and the limitation of endoscopic mucosal resection of early gastric cancer. METHODS: We studied 20 cases of early gastric cancer treated by endoscopic mucosal resection in Chungnam National University Hospital from November, 1995 to July, 1997. RESULTS: 1) The size affected the curability: 83. 3% of lesions less than 2 cm and 50. 0% of those larger than 2 cm were resected completely. 2) The depth of cancer invasion affected the curability: 87. 5% of lesion confined to mucosa were resected completely, while all of submucosal cancers were resected incompletely. 3) Among fourteen cases resected completely, three cases of lesions larger than 2 cm were residual cancer and two of those less than 2 cm were recurred locally. CONCLUSIONS: To be a curative therapy by endoscopic mucosal resection of early gastric cancer, we think that careful selection of the lesion, that is lesion less than 2cm and confined to mucosa, is necessary
Chungcheongnam-do ; Diagnosis ; Mucous Membrane ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms*

PURPOSE:The incidence of congenital adrenal hyperplasia(CAH) is 1/5,000- 1/20,000 births and thus the importance of the neonatal screening test is being emphasized. However, the reference value for the term and preterm infants has not yet been established and false positive values are frequent due the immature hypothalamic-adrenal axis of the preterm infants or the stress-induced adrenal dysfunction. Therefore, we analyzed the 17-hydroxyprogesterone(17-OHP) concentration in terms of gestational age, birth weight, and postnatal state to establish the reference range for the Korean term and preterm infants. METHODS:We analyzed the results of the CAH screening test retrospectively, which was performed on 737 neonates(624 fullterm neonates, 113 premature neonates) born between January 1998 through July 1998 in Inje University College of Medicine Sanggye Paik Hospital. Mean gestational age and birth weight of infants were 38.2+/-2.6 weeks and 3,116+/-674kg respectively. 17-OHP screening test was performed on 4.9+/-3.8days after birth by obtaining blood samples from the heelstick of neonates. 17-OHP concentration was measured by the ELISA kit(ICN Co.) and repeated the procedure if the result was higher than 35ng/ml. RESULTS: 1) 17-OHP concentration of the preterm infants was significantly higher than that of the fullterm infants(19.1+/-12.3ng/ml vs 11.7+/-7.8ng/ml, P=0.001). 17-OHP concentration was inversely proportional to gestational age. 2)17-OHP concentration was inversely proportional to birth weight(r=0.22, P>0.01). 17-OHP concentration according to birth weight was as follows.:below 1,500g was 26.7+/-11.7ng/ml, 1,500 to 2,000g was 18.0+/-13.9ng/ml, 2,001 to 2,500g was 17.9+/-10.5ng/ml, 2,501 to 3,000g was 12.1+/-7.9ng/ml, 3,001 to 3,500g was 11.5+/-8.1ng/ml, above 3,500g was 11.4+/-7.5ng/ml. There was a significant decline in the 17-OHP concentration as the birth weight increased. 3) 17-OHP concentration was gradually decreased as sampling date increased. 4) The gender of the infants did not influence the 17-OHP concentration(male 13.0+/-9.1 vs female 12.7+/-9.0). 5)17-OHP concentration were significantly higher in sick preterm infants than healthy preterm infants. 6)Six cases, whose 17-OHP concentration were greater than 35ng/ml, were all preterm and low birth weight infants. Reexamination after one week showed the value within normal range. No CAH cases were diagnosed in the study. CONCLUSION: 17-OHP concentration was inversely proportional to gestational age and birth weight. Therefore, reference ranges of 17-OHP concentration should be subdivided according to gestational age and birth weight. Further research about perinatal risk factors affecting the 17-OHP concentration will be required.
17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone* ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Birth Weight ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Mass Screening ; Neonatal Screening ; Parturition ; Reference Values ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

The distributions and morphological characteristics of neurons displaying immunoreactivity to the catecholamine synthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) were examined in the adjacent sections of the whole brain in the Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius coreae) The medulla oblongata were divided into 3 parts (rostral medulla oblongata, area postrema portion of medulla oblongata and caudal medulla oblongata) in this study. In the rostral medulla oblongata, adrenergic (TH-, DBH- and PNMT-positive) neurons were found in dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, nucleus tractus solitarius, dorsal strip and medial longitudinal fasciculus. In the ventrolateral medullary tegmentum of rostral medulla oblongata, adrenergic neurons were found between gigantocellular reticular nucleus and paragigantocellular reticular nucleus. In the area postrema portion of medulla oblongata, noradrenergic neurons were found in the nucleus tractus solitarius, and area postrema. And dopaminergic or adrenergic neurons were also found in dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. In the caudal medulla oblongata, noradrenergic neurons were found in the medial part of nucleus tractus solitarius and superior part of the lateral reticular nucleus.
Adrenergic Neurons ; Animals ; Area Postrema ; Brain ; Immunohistochemistry ; Medulla Oblongata* ; Mice ; Murinae* ; Neurons* ; Solitary Nucleus ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase* ; Tyrosine*