Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the current status of nutrition education via a free learning semester program (NE). The understanding of the program, the potential difficulties, and future initiatives for NE improvement were also investigated. Methods: A total number of 161 nutrition teachers from Gwangju and Jeonnam filled in a questionnaire and participated in this survey, which was performed from July to August 2019. Results: Our results showed that 8.1% of the nutrition teachers had taught nutrition education in free learning semester programs. The most frequently implemented model was subject selection, followed by club activities. Most of the nutrition teachers comprehended the purpose of NE. The attitude of nutrition teachers to NE differed by the understanding of its purpose. Positive attitude was evident due to a better understanding of the purpose by nutrition teachers. Nutrition teachers reported the most common difficulties of NE were the lack of preparation due to the heavy workload and the lack of a standard running program.The most effective method of NE was the activity classes. The experience of practicing NE influenced the choice of contents for each operating model. Nutrition teachers that were experienced in NE conducted via free learning semester programs preferred the selected topics model, but those without experience chose the career search model. Conclusions Although some obstacles exist, nutrition teachers had a positive attitude and perceived well the importance of NE. Therefore, the awareness for the significance of NE of nutrition teachers needs to be improved. For better NE practice, it is necessary to reduce/ manage the workload of general food service. Furthermore, the development of standard running and promotion programs, and teacher training programs should be ensured.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is an important and common medical problem in postmenopausal women. Depression is another major public health concern. Due to the high prevalence of both depression and osteoporosis, even a weak association between them might result in a greater health problem. We have investigated whether depression is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in peri- and postmenopausal women. METHODS: The study subjects who visited the office of family medicine department and the health screening and diagnosis center in one general hospital from January to May, 2000 were selected. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. We evaluated the depression scale using the Beck Depression Inventory. The subjects who had disorders known to interfere with bone metabolism or those who had taken medication related to depression were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Significant positive correlation were noted between BMD and height and weight (P<0.05) but no correlation was found with depression in perimenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, significant negative correlation was noted between BMD and age, and postmenopausal duration and depression. Significant positive correlation was found between BMD and height and weight (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that depression was associated with BMD in postmenopausal women which was independent of other factors strongly associated with osteoporosis.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Bone Density* ; Depression* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Menopause ; Metabolism ; Osteoporosis ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Spine

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of cold knife conization in the diagnosis and management of cervical neoplasia. METHODS: Cold knife conization was performed in total 163 patients from January 1992 to December 2003. The results of PAP smear and colposcopy-directed biopsy were compared with the pathologic diagnosis of conization. And we evaluated the rate of positive margin and the presence of residual lesion. And then, we reviewed the pregnancy outcome after conization. RESULTS: The rate of agreement between PAP cytology and conization was 45.4%, and the rate of agreement between colposcopy-directed biopsy and conization was 65.6%. Hysterectomy was done in 102 patients (62.6%). The positive rate of resection margin was 19.6%. The incidence of residual lesion after conization was 31.2% in margin (+) and 1.4% in margin (-). We evaluated 7 cases of pregnancy after conization. CONCLUSION: Cervical conization as surgical treatment was effective in cervical neoplasia patients, especially young patients, with continuous follow-up.
Biopsy ; Conization* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Incidence ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome

(188)Re(Rhenium) is easily obtained from an in-house (188)W/(188)Re generator that is similar to the current (99)Mo/(99m)Tc generator, making it very convenient for clinical use. This characteristic makes this radionuclide a promising candidate as a therapeutic agent. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a cationic polymer and has been used as a gene delivery vector. Positively charged materials interact with cellular blood components, vascular endothelium, and plasma proteins. In this study, the authors investigated whether intratumoral injection of (188)Re labeled transferrin (Tf)-PEI conjugates exert the effect of radionuclide therapy against the tumor cells. When the diameters of the Ramos lymphoma (human Burkitt's lymphoma) xenografted tumors reached approximately 1 cm, 3 kinds of (188)Re bound compounds (HYNIC-PEI-Tf, HYNIC-PEI, (188)Re perrhenate) were injected directly into the tumors. There were increases in the retention of (188)Re inside the tumor when PEI was incorporated with (188)Re compared to the use of free 188Re. The (188)Re HYNIC-Tf-PEI showed the most retention inside the tumor (retention rate=approximately 97%). H&E stain of isolated tumor tissues showed that (188)Re labeled HYNIC-PEI-Tf caused extensive tumor necrosis. These results support (188)Re HYNIC-PEI-Tf as being a useful radiopharmaceutical agent to treat tumors when delievered by intratumoral injection.
Animals ; Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology/*radiotherapy ; Cations ; Female ; Injections, Intralesional ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Pilot Projects ; Polyethyleneimine/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Radioisotopes/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Rhenium/chemistry/*pharmacology

BACKGROUND: Rescently, the immunotherapy against infectious disease and cancer is being actively studied, and high yield of pure CD14+ monocytes is a key of concern. In this study, we optimized the percoll gradient method to increase the purity and yield of monocytes from peripheral mononuclear cells. METHODS: We separated mononuclear cells (MNC) from healthy donors, and monocytes from MNC were separated with the various density of percoll gradient. After centrifugation, we determined the most efficient density of the percoll gradient to get the highest yield and purity of monocytes. We also obtained monocytes by the plastic absorption method. Monocytes were differentiated into dendritic cells (DC) and the efficacy of differentiation to DC is confirmed and compared by morphological characteristics and using a flowcytometer. RESULTS: The purity of monocytes was 51.3+/-8.3% by the 35% percoll gradient method and the purity was improved to 82.9+/-4.2% with 100% of yield by repeating the same method. Therefore, the yield of mature dendritic cells was 3.6+/-0.9% of the total input MNC by the 35% percoll repetition method, which was 1.7 times higher than the plastic adherent method (2.1+/-0.5%). CONCLUSION: This study shows a cost-effective method to isolate CD14+ monocytes and these cells demonstrate high differentiation rate to DC. This process will be valuable for obtaining a sufficient number of DC.
Absorption ; Centrifugation ; Communicable Diseases ; Dendritic Cells ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Monocytes ; Plastics ; Povidone ; Silicon Dioxide ; Tissue Donors

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the present condition of drug abuse and its association with depression, self-rated health and health behaviors by job status in Korean adults. METHODS: Data were derived from the study on four addiction problem and suicide in 2014. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze patterns of drug abuse according to depression, self-rated health and health behaviors. RESULTS: The prevalence of drug abuse during the past year was 17.1% of the 4,018 subjects. About 3.3 times risk for drug abuse was found among individuals who had high depression scores. The risk of drug abuse was higher among those who were smoking (OR:1.46, 95% CI:1.17~1.83), drinking more frequently (OR:1.30, 95% CI:1.07~1.58), sleeping insufficiently (OR:1.31, 95% CI:1.03~1.67), eating irregularly (OR:1.45, 95% CI:1.19~1.76). Drug abuse problem was detected more seriously among employed than unemployed adults. CONCLUSION: Health-related behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, sleeping, eating should be considered simultaneously when designing strategies to deal with drug abuse problem, and it is important to understand the interaction between drug abuse and mental health. Furthermore, workplace based intervention can be effective in solving drug abuse problem.
Adult ; Depression* ; Drinking ; Eating ; Health Behavior* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mental Health ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Substance-Related Disorders* ; Suicide

In order to investigate the molecular basis of the aging process in brain, we have employed high-density oligonucleotide microarrays providing data on 10,108 gene clusters to define transcriptional patterns in three brain regions, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. Comparison of the expression patterns between young (6-week-old) and aged (17-month-old) C57BL/6 male micerevealed that about ten percent (1098) of the genes showed a significant change in the expression level in at least one of the three tissues. Among them, 23 genes were upregulated and 62 genes were downregulated in all three tissues of the old mice. The number of genes upregulated exclusively in hippocampus (337) was much larger compared to other tissues. Gene ontology-based analysis showed the genes related with signal transduction or molecular transports are more likely to be upregulated than downregulated in the aging process of hippocampus. These data may provide some useful means for elucidating the molecular aspect of aging in hippocampus and other regions in brain.
Aging* ; Animals ; Brain* ; Cerebellum ; Cerebral Cortex ; DNA* ; Gene Expression* ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Male ; Mice* ; Multigene Family ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis* ; Signal Transduction ; Transcriptome*

PURPOSE: Estrogen, various polypeptide hormones and growth factors are associated with the development and progression of breast cancer. Coregulatory proteins are also associated with estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional activity and tamoxifen resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the change of coregulator mRNAs and various cell proliferation proteins and cell cycle-related proteins after treatment with estrogen or antiestrogen. METHODS: MCF-7 cells were maintained in dextran-coated charcoal stripped 10% Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). To measure the change of the coactivators' (src-1, P/CAF, CBP, AIB1) mRNAs and corepressors' (SMRT, N-coR) mRNAs, multiple PCR was carried out using specific primers. In addition, intracellular proteins related to cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation were measured by performing Western blotting after treatment with estrogen or tamoxifen. The change of mitogen activated protein kinases was also measured by performing Western after tamoxifen treatment for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Coactivator mRNAs expression rapidly decreased in 15 min after estrogen treatment but this recovered to the initial level in 3 hr. The pattern was similar for the case of tamoxifen treatment. Corepressor mRNAs expression rapidly decreased in 15 min after estrogen treatment and it remained at a lower level until 24 hr after estrogen treatment. With tamoxifen treatment, the initial response was similar to the cases of estrogen treatment, but the xpression gradually increased 3 hr after tamoxifen treatment. Treatment of estrogen induced intracellular concentrations of c-myc and Ki-67 and it increased nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and phosphor-ERK and it decreased the intracellular cell cycle suppressor p27/kip1. Tamoxifen treatment increased nuclear p27/kip1 but it decreased c-myc, NF-kappaB and phosphor-ERK. Long-term (4 weeks) treatment of tamoxifen was associated with decrease of activated ERK and p38 but there was no change in phospho-Akt level. CONCLUSION: Estrogen induced cell proliferation and the survival pathway-related factors, but it decreased the cell cycle suppressor p27/kip1. Long-term treatment with antiestrogen tamoxifen might decrease the MAPK activities in ERalpha-expressing tumor cells.
Blotting, Western ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Charcoal ; Eagles ; Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Estrogens ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; MCF-7 Cells ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; NF-kappa B ; Peptide Hormones ; Phosphotransferases ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteins ; RNA, Messenger ; Tamoxifen

Lack of mullerian development (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome) is characterized by absence of apparent vagina and/or uterus, normal secondary sexual characteristics, normal reproductive hormonal profile, and a relatively common cause of primary amenorrhea about 1 in 4,000 female births and also cause of primary infertility. Management for these women comprise of construction of neovagina for sexual life. In 1985, the first report of a successful pregnancy through the uterine surrogacy was made. It is being possible for these women to have new opportunity of getting her own genetic offspring. Since ovarian activity is completely preserved in patients, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is similar to any other IVF case that is with urinary or recombinant gonadotropins following GnRH agonist down regulation. Genetic offspring can be achieved by cellection of oocytes from the genetic mather, in-vitro-fertilization by the genetic father, and placement into a surrogate carrier. We have experienced a case of successful surrogate pregnancy in a patient with congenital absence of vagina and uterus.
Amenorrhea ; Down-Regulation ; Fathers ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Gonadotropins ; Humans ; Infertility ; Oocytes ; Parturition ; Pregnancy* ; Uterus ; Vagina

PURPOSE: The nodal staging of the 5th edition of the Union Internationale Contra la Cancer (UICC) TNM classification in 1997 was changed based on the number of metastatic lymph nodes. We attempted to classify nodal status according to the number of involved lymph nodes and compare with the nodal staging of the 5th UICC TNM classification in order to evaluate the rationality of the new nodal staging system. METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed 427 patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative resection from 1993 to 1996 at the Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine. Cumulative survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The difference between each nodal status was evaluated by the log rank test and the generalized Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: There were statistical differences between 0 and 1 lymph node involved, between 7 and 8, and between 15 and 16. We classified the nodal status into 4 groups according to the number of involved lymph nodes based on the following: group 1 with no lymph node involved, group 2 with 1~7, group 3 with 8~15 and group 4 with more than 15. There was a significant survival difference among the 4 groups with no survival difference between the number of positive lymph nodes in each group. We compare our results with the nodal staging of the UICC TNM classification and found that there were differences between group 2 (1~7 positive lymph nodes) and pN1 of TNM (1~6 positive lymph nodes) and between group 3 (8~15) and pN2 (7~15). CONCLUSION: We were able to classify nodal status into 4 groups according to the number of involved lymph nodes. There was little difference compared with the new nodal staging of the 5th UICC TNM classification, which suggested that the nodal classification of the UICC TNM classification based on the number of metastatic lymph nodes is acceptable. Further analysis of a larger sample size may be necessary.
Classification* ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sample Size ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Survival Rate