PURPOSE: To compare higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and visual acuity after wavefront-guided and wavefront-optimized laser keratorefractive surgery. METHODS: This retrospective study consisted of consecutive cases of eyes that underwent wavefront-guided (VISX S4 CustomVue(R)) or wavefront-optimized (WaveLight(R) EX500) laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Preoperative and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), and preoperative and 3 month postoperative HOAs were compared. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in UCVA, BCVA, MRSE, or total HOAs in either the LASIK and PRK groups (all p > 0.05). Induced amount of spherical aberration (SA) was significantly lower in the wavefront-optimized LASIK and PRK than wavefront-guided LASIK and PRK. CONCLUSIONS: In laser keratorefractive surgery, wavefront-guided and wavefront-optimized platforms produced equivalent visual outcomes and no differences in total HOAs. However, the wavefront-optimized platform caused less spherical aberration 3 months after operation.
Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ ; Photorefractive Keratectomy ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity*

Background/Aims: To investigate whether visceral fat area (VFA) measured by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) was associated with metabolic syndrome in subjects with and without obesity. Methods: A total 23,202 participants who underwent medical check-ups were assessed. Participants were stratified by body mass index (BMI) and VFA. We evaluated six different groups for metabolic syndrome: Group 1 (normal weight and low VFA), Group 2 (normal weight and high VFA), Group 3 (overweight and low VFA), Group 4 (overweight and high VFA), Group 5 (obesity and low VFA), and Group 6 (obesity and high VFA). Results: Metabolic syndrome traits and metabolic syndrome were significantly more prevalent in the high-VFA (≥ 100 cm2 ) subgroup in each BMI group. Adjusted logistic regression analyses revealed that the odds ratio for metabolic syndrome compared with Group 1 was the highest in Group 6 (24.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 21.77 to 27.64). Notably, the odds ratio of Group 2 was higher than that of Group 3 (2.92; 95% CI, 2.30 to 3.69 vs. 2.57; 95% CI, 2.23 to 2.97). Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the combination of BMI assessment and VFA determination by BIA may be a useful method for predicting the risk of metabolic syndrome. The VFA by BIA may be a useful target for interventions to improve metabolic syndrome.

Purpose: To investigate the use of second AREDS2 formula in patients with intermediate or advanced age-related macular degeneration. Methods: A prospective survey was conducted between December 2019 and July 2020. The questionnaire consisted of 24 questions on demographics, disease perception, and formula intake. Results: The survey included 100 patients (males, 56%; age [>60 years], 89%). We found that 66%, 84%, and 93% of patients had a good understanding of their disease, had stopped smoking, and were aware of the need for antioxidant supplements; 58% of patients were aware of the supplement they were prescribed, and 63.8% (37% of total) were using the AREDS2 formula. Only 8% of patients had knowledge regarding the supplement ingredients, and 91% consumed the supplement daily. Patients with long disease duration used supplements less frequently (p < 0.05). Older patients and those with a low education level had a limited perception of the disease (p < 0.05). Conclusions In this prospective survey, some patients consumed supplements other than the AREDS2 formula. Further studies are required to determine ways to increase the use of the AREDS2 formula.

BACKGROUND: The characterization of progenitor/keratinocyte stem cells (KSC) remains an unachieved goal. A previous study showed that rapid adhering cells to collagen IV had the characteristics of putative progenitor/KSCs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic expression of rapid adhering cells compared to non adhering cells to determine the characteristic of KSCs. METHODS: We isolated rapid adhering cells representative of KSCs from non adhering cells representative of transient amplifying cells. In addition, we differentiated cells from human tonsilar keratinocytes utilizing the adhering capability of the KSCs to collagen IV. Annealing control primer based differentially displayed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed as well as Western blot analysis. RESULTS: The levels of mitochondria-related gene expression were low in the rapid adhering cells compared to the non adhering cells. Mitochondrial complex I, COX IV, peroxiredoxins (I, II and IV) and mitochondrial membrane potential were all low in the rapid adhering cells compared to the non adhering cells. CONCLUSION: Using an adhesion method on human collagen IV-coated plates, our results suggest that reduced mitochondrial function may be an important characteristic of KSCs.
Blotting, Western ; Collagen ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria ; Peroxiredoxins ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Stem Cells

BACKGROUND/AIMS: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression. We assess miRNA regulation by Helicobacter pylori infection and elucidate their role in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. METHODS: The relationship between miRNA expression and DNA methylation was examined. Cells were treated with the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inhibitor Bay 11-7082 to determine the relationship between miRNA expression and NF-κB signal transduction. RESULTS: In the negative control cells infected with H. pylori 26695, the expression of six miRNAs was increased, whereas the expression of five miRNAs was decreased. The expression of upregulated miRNAs was increased when the host cells were treated with H. pylori and an NF-κB inhibitor. miR-127-5p, -155, and -181 were associated with increased interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion in H. pylori infected cells treated with anti-miRNA. The expression of miR-155, -127-5p, -195, -216, -206, and -488 increased by approximately 3-fold following treatment with the methylation inhibitor Aza. CONCLUSIONS: We found novel miR-NAs in H. pylori-infected negative control cells using miRNA microarrays. Upregulated miRNA expression was inversely related to the transcription of NF-κB. miR-195 and miR-488 appear to play a pivotal role in controlling IL-6 activity in H. pylori infection. miRNA expression in H. pylori infection was affected by methylation.
Bays ; Cytokines ; DNA Methylation ; Epithelial Cells ; Gene Expression ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Interleukin-6 ; Methylation ; MicroRNAs* ; NF-kappa B ; Signal Transduction

OBJECTIVE: Delaying embryo transfer (ET) enables us to select among the embryos available for transfer and is associated with positive effects on implantation and pregnancy outcomes. However, the optimal day for ET of human cleavage-stage embryos remains controversial. METHODS: A retrospective study of 3,124 in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles (2,440 patients) was conducted. We compared the effects of day 2 and 3 ET on rates of implantation and pregnancy outcomes between young maternal age (YMA; <38 years old, n=2,295) and old maternal age (OMA; ≥38 years old, n=829) patient groups. RESULTS: The YMA and OMA groups did not differ in terms of patient characteristics except for the proportion of unexplained factor infertility, which was significantly greater in the OMA group, and the proportion of arrested embryos, which was significantly greater in the YMA group. However, the biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, abortion, and implantation rates per cycle were not significantly different between day 2 and 3 ET in the YMA group or the OMA group. CONCLUSION: We suggest that offering patients the opportunity to decide which day would be suitable for ET could be part of a patient-friendly protocol that takes into consideration an infertile woman's circumstances and work schedule by allowing ET to be performed on day 2 instead of the traditional transfer on day 3.
Appointments and Schedules ; Embryo Transfer* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Infertility ; Maternal Age* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Retrospective Studies ; Spermatozoa

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression levels of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1, 2, and 3 in ovarian cancer tissues and normal ovarian tissues. METHODS: Randomly assigned each of six patients with serous, mucinous and endometrioid ovarian cancer were included. Another six patients with normal ovarian tissue were included for comparison. RT-PCR was performed to quantify the levels of HDACs1-3 mRNA in the cancer and normal tissues. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the expression levels of HDACs1-3 protein. The HDACs1-3 expression pattern was also topologically examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Increased mRNA expressions of HDCA1, HDAC 2 and HDAC 3 were detected in 83%, 67% and 83% of 18 cancer tissue samples, compared to normal tissue samples. The relative densities of HDAC1 mRNA and HDAC3 mRNA in the serous, mucinous and endometrioid cancer tissues, and HDAC2 mRNA in serous cancer tissues were significantly higher than those of the normal tissues, respectively (p<0.05). Overexpression of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 proteins were detected in 94%, 72% and 83% of 18 cancer samples, respectively. The relative densities of HDAC1 protein and HDAC3 protein in serous, mucinous and endometrioid cancer, and HDAC2 protein in serous and mucinous cancer tissues were significantly higher than those of normal tissues, respectively (p<0.05). Most cancer tissues expressed moderate to strong staining of HDACs1, 2 and 3 in immunohistochemistry. Staining of HDAC2 was weak in only one endometrioid cancer tissue. CONCLUSION: HDACs1-3 are over expressed in ovarian cancer tissues and probably play a significant role in ovarian carcinogenesis.
Blotting, Western ; Histone Deacetylases ; Histones ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mucins ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Proteins ; RNA, Messenger ; Specific Gravity

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between cisplatin resistance and histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoform overexpression in ovarian cancer cell lines. METHODS: Expression of four HDAC isoforms (HDAC 1, 2, 3, and 4) in two ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV3 and OVCAR3, exposed to various concentrations of cisplatin was examined by western blot analyses. Cells were transfected with plasmid DNA of each HDAC. The overexpression of protein and mRNA of each HDAC was confirmed by western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses, respectively. The cell viability of the SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells transfected with HDAC plasmid DNA was measured using the cell counting kit-8 assay after treatment with cisplatin. RESULTS: The 50% inhibitory concentration of the SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells can be determined 15-24 hours after treatment with 15 microg/mL cisplatin. The expression level of acetylated histone 3 protein in SKOV3 cells increased after exposure to cisplatin. Compared with control cells at 24 hours after cisplatin exposure, the viability of SKOV3 cells overexpressing HDAC 1 and 3 increased by 15% and 13% (p<0.05), respectively. On the other hand, OVCAR3 cells that overexpressed HDAC 2 and 4 exhibited increased cell viability by 23% and 20% (p<0.05), respectively, compared with control cells 24 hours after exposure to cisplatin. CONCLUSION: In SKOV3 and OVCAR3 epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines, the correlation between HDAC overexpression and cisplatin resistance was confirmed. However, the specific HDAC isoform associated with resistance to cisplatin varied depending on the ovarian cancer cell line. These results may suggest that each HDAC isoform conveys cisplatin resistance via different mechanisms.
Blotting, Western ; Cell Count ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Cisplatin ; DNA ; Hand ; Histone Deacetylases ; Histones ; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Plasmids ; Protein Isoforms ; RNA, Messenger

For producing large numbers of professional nurses who could manage 21th century's human health, it is necessary to review the direction of registered nursed' national examination which evaluates the nursing education and is granted a licence. For adapting to social expectation of the nurse, we have to nurture the nurses' problem solving capability in clinical setting. Seven divisions of Korean Academy of Nursing suggested clinical competency according to their categories. This paper was presented in the workshop for setting up direction of registered nurses' national examination. We expect that this paper would be more refine and confirm through reviewing subdivisions' learning objectives and discussing clinical minimum level of competence contents with clinical leaders.
Education ; Education, Nursing ; Financing, Organized ; Humans ; Learning ; Mental Competency ; Nursing* ; Problem Solving ; Women's Health*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The mechanism by which atrial fibrillation (AF) electrically converts to sinus rhythm remains undefined. The purpose of this study was to assess in detail the electrograms recorded during cardioversion using direct current (DC) shock. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 23 patients with AF (chronic n=20, paroxysmal n=3, M:F=15:8, 50 - 70 years old), electrograms were recorded simultaneously from a 20-pole electrode catheters (Duo-deca, DAIG) in the right atrial free wall and the coronary sinus immediately after DC shock given transthoracically. The activation patterns following 45 trials consisting of 23 successful and 22 unsuccessful cardioversion were analyzed. RESULTS: Two distinct patterns following successful cardioversion were observed; either immediate resumption of normal sinus rhythm (n=5, 21%), or one or two activations immediately after shock preceded normal sinus rhythm (n=18, 79%). The energy levels of the two patterns were not significantly different (260 J, 250 J, respectively). Four patterns following unsuccessful cardioversion were noted; unchanged (n=10, 45%), converted to atrial flutter (n=4, 18%), production of three or four beats of more coordinated complexes and reverted to AF (n=5, 22%), and converted to sinus rhythm transiently and reinitiated AF by one or two atrial premature beats (n=3, 13%). The magnitude of the DC shock applied at these 4 different patterns was 196 J, 240 J, 264 J, and 340 J, respectively in which low energy levels made a simultaneous depolarization of the entire atria unlikely. CONCLUSION: Distinct activation patterns were identified following successful and unsuccessful cardioversion using DC shock for AF. These observations suggest that total depolarization of the entire atria is not a prerequisite for the conversion of AF into sinus rhythm.
Atrial Fibrillation* ; Atrial Flutter ; Cardiac Complexes, Premature ; Catheters ; Coronary Sinus ; Electric Countershock* ; Electrodes ; Humans ; Shock