PURPOSE: To investigate the relationships among mother's perception of her own newborn, her caring-confidence level, and her child-rearing attitude; and to provide data for developing effective nursing education programs on maternal newborn care. METHOD: Explorative survey questionnaires were completed by 159 married mothers of newborns from November 2003 to March 2004. Data were analyzed using SPSS/Win 10.0 by t-test and Pearson's Correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The mean scores of the mother's perception of her own newborn, her caring-confidence level, and her child-rearing attitude were .26, 3.13, and 3.43 respectively. There was a positive correlation between mother's perception of her own newborn and her child-rearing attitude. There was a significant correlation between mothers caring-confidence level and her child-rearing attitude. Score of caring-confidence was significantly different depending on the availability of helper and history of delivery. CONCLUSION: Availability of helper and history of delivery significantly affected mothers caring-confidence. This in turn, along with mothers perception of her own newborn, enhanced mothers child-rearing attitude. Thus, an effective education for mothers should include these factors.
Education ; Education, Nursing ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Mothers* ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to understand the caring experience of families with terminal cancer patients. METHOD: This was designed to be an inductive and descriptive study. Forty-seven families with terminal cancer patients were interviewed in depth and collected data were examined through content analysis. RESULT: The main categories of difficulties found in this study were "suffering of patient", "emotional suffering of family", "bereavement of patient", "difficulties in coping", "problems in treatment", "incurable situation", "family problems", "relationship with other people", "economic problems", "spiritual problems", "problems in the future", "informing patients of their condition", "preparing death", "emotional unstability", "meaninglessness", "unkindness of medical teams", "poor environment for treatment", "difficulties in hospital environment" and "economic burden". CONCLUSION: The main point found from this result was that families taking care of terminal cancer patients are suffering emotionally from watching the patients' pains and had difficulties in coping with the patients' situation and treatment. In addition, they had negative experiences in medical teams attitude and hospital environment. This result can be used as an important guide for nurses to assess families' needs in the terminal care setting.
Humans ; Terminal Care

PURPOSE: This study is to identify the present situation of children's hospice and to find the developing strategies for child hospice system in Korea. METHOD: The data was collected from both literatures and the recent data provided by the government. The direction of future of children's hospice cared in Korea was predicted based on the literature analysis and the report and policy of government. RESULT: In Korea, the system of the child hospice is not processing. There are the importance differences between children and adult in that the characteristics and approach of the hospice care. All medical personnel and the people related to hospice care including children and their family should be recognized the necessity of the children's hospice care. The following strategies is needed for setting up the child hospice: the principles and standards, recognizing of the necessities, developing of educational program for the specialist and the systemic children's hospice program, and the organization of child hospice. CONCLUSION: Directions suggested from this study have the importance of child hospice to establish and develop well in Korea for both children with life-threatening disease and their families.
Adult ; Child ; Hospice Care* ; Hospices* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Specialization ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between self-esteem and meaning of life in higher grade elementary school students. METHODS: Four hundred eighty four elementary school students in their 4 ~ 6th-grade at S, G and C City were recruited by convenient sampling. Data were collected from August to October, 2008 using a self-reported questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program with mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan's test, and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: The average score of meaning of life was 3.07 +/- 0.38 and that of self-esteem was 3.43 +/- 0.62. There were significant differences in self-esteem according to variables region and religion, and in meaning of life scores according to variables region, grade, sex and religion. There was a significant positive correlation between self-esteem and meaning of life. CONCLUSION: Self-esteem and meaning of life should be considered as important factors for healthy development in the elementary school period. Self-esteem should be considered as a main content in developing programs for finding meaning of life for higher grade elementary school students.
Humans ; Religion and Sex ; Self Concept ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the lived experience of adolescents with physical handicap by means of the Colaizzi's phenomenological method. The participants were 15 adolescents, 10-19 years old, who were experiencing physical handicap. Significant statements from data were extracted. From these formulated meanings, 27 themes, 10 clusters of theme and 4 categories were constructed. Major theme clusters that were emerged from the analysis are 'denial', 'despair', 'social isolation', 'being despised', 'not being treated as a member of society', 'getting the power in love around people', 'accepting the physical handicap', 'feeling the joy and one's life worth living', 'depending on the religion', and 'the feeling of achievement by the effort and the service'. In order to help the adolescents with physical handicap overcome their difficulty and cope to the social environment, nurses need to understand the essential theme clusters of the experience of adolescents with physical disability.
Adolescent* ; Humans ; Love ; Social Environment ; Child Health

The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the lived experience of adolescents with physical handicap by means of the Colaizzi's phenomenological method. The participants were 15 adolescents, 10-19 years old, who were experiencing physical handicap. Significant statements from data were extracted. From these formulated meanings, 27 themes, 10 clusters of theme and 4 categories were constructed. Major theme clusters that were emerged from the analysis are 'denial', 'despair', 'social isolation', 'being despised', 'not being treated as a member of society', 'getting the power in love around people', 'accepting the physical handicap', 'feeling the joy and one's life worth living', 'depending on the religion', and 'the feeling of achievement by the effort and the service'. In order to help the adolescents with physical handicap overcome their difficulty and cope to the social environment, nurses need to understand the essential theme clusters of the experience of adolescents with physical disability.
Adolescent* ; Humans ; Love ; Social Environment ; Child Health

Binocular diplopia after catarat surgery is a rare phenomenon, and it happens by variable mechanisms including extraocular muscle injury during bridle suture placement and myotoxicity of local anesthetics. We experienced three cases of binocular diplopia following successful cataract surgery in patients who had no history of strabismus, amblyopia and neurologic or systemic disease which might be related to mobility disorder. We report these cases and previous literature is reviewed.
Amblyopia ; Anesthetics, Local ; Cataract* ; Diplopia ; Humans ; Strabismus ; Sutures ; Telescopes*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the awareness of child rearing among parents of children in early childhood and to provide fundamental data for parent education programs according to child rearing type. METHODS: Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. Forty Q items which were derived from a literature review and interviews with nurturing mothers were classified into a normal distribution using a 9-point scale. Collected data were analyzed using the QUANAL PC Program. RESULTS: Four types of parents' child rearing were identified. Type I was named 'affection-respect type', type II, 'concern-rule compliant type', type III, 'solicitude-model type', and type IV, 'geniality-encouragement type'. CONCLUSION: For proper growth and development during early childhood, parents should have rational information and awareness of their child rearing type. Results of this study can be used as essential data to develop child rearing education programs according to parents' child rearing attitude.
Adult ; Attitude ; Awareness ; Behavior ; Child ; *Child Rearing ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Parents/*psychology ; Q-Sort ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to set up a hypothetical model to explain causal relationships among influential variables in the mother-child relationship for Korean infants and toddlers and their mothers. The research was based on Barnard's (1978) mother-child relations model, and goodness-of-fit was examined. METHODS: The participants were 207 mothers with infants or toddlers. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS programs. RESULTS: Regarding the influence of the variables on the mother-child relationship between infants and toddlers and their mothers, social support had a 75% explanation of mother-child relationships, and attachment had a 58% explanation of social support. Attachment had both direct and indirect effects on the mother-child relationships, and social support had direct and total effects on the mother-child relationships. Among child-related variables, child temperament had a moderating effect on the mother-child relationships. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the model has utility in developing effective nursing intervention methods to boost mother-child relationships between infants and toddlers and their mothers.
Child ; Humans ; Infant* ; Mother-Child Relations* ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Temperament

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to assess the need for child hospice care in families of children with cancer. METHOD: The research design was a methodological study. The tool was developed in 4 stages : first, preliminary items were developed based on a questionnaire about the needs for child hospice care that was given to 20 families of children with cancer; second, a panel of specialists reduced the number of preliminary items using 3 validity tests for the content; third, final items were selected from the results of a pre-test. Finally, from February to July 2004, reliability and validity were tested with a sample of 104 families who had a child with cancer. RESULTS: The final tool on the need for child hospice care consisted of 22 items and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .93. Using factor analysis, 5 factors were extracted and these factors explained 69% of the total variance. CONCLUSION: The instrument, for assessing the need for child hospice care in families of children with cancer, developed in this study was identified as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. In this sense, this tool can be effectively utilized for implementing and improving hospice care for children with cancer.
Child* ; Hospice Care* ; Hospices* ; Humans ; Methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Design ; Specialization ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires