The purpose of this study were to identify a relationship between symptom of health and fatigue-regulation behavior in middle-aged women. The subjects were 241 women living in Seoul and near the city, ranging in ages of 30-59(mean=42.1 years) being interviewed during the month of Oct. to Dec., 2000. The following questionnaires were utilized in this study: a self reported symptom of health and a fatigue-regulation behavior scale originated from Kwon(1997). The analysis for the data was done by SAS program, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The results of this study were as follows 1. Total mean scores of health status were shown 29.1, physical symptom 17.9 and psychological symptom 11.2. According to symptom of body system were higher in muscular-skeletal sympom 5.5, neurologic symptom 3.5, and digestive symptom 2.7. 2. The mean scores of symptom of health were significantly different in duraion of marriage, status of menstruation, perceived fatigue, perceived cause of fatigue, perceived help of family, hours of sleep. Physical symptom was significantly different in years of educational, status of menstruation, perceived fatigue, perceived cause of fatigue, perceived help of family, hours of sleep. Psychological symptom was significantly different in parity, whether or not having past illness, perceived fatigue. 3. The neurologic symptom was significantly different in years of education, status of menstruation, perceived fatigue, time to rest The respiratory symptom was significantly different in years of education, status of menstruation and hours of physical exercise. The muscular-skeletal symptom was significantly different duration of marriage, status of menstruation, BMI. perceived fatigue, perceived cause of fatigue, perceived help of family. The cardiovascular symptom was significantly different in whether or not having religion, number of children, duration of marriage, number of pregnancy & abortion, parity, status of menstruation, BMI. The digestive symptom was significantly different in whether or not having religion and the number of children. The urologic symptom was significantly different in whether or not having job, type of family, status of menstruation, BMI, perceived fatigue, perceived cause of fatigue, perceived help of family. The score of fatigue was significantly different in number of pregnancy. 4. There were significantly positive relationships in the area of symptom on health, especially fatigue was significantly positive relationships in score of symptom of health, physical symptom and psychological symptom. 5. They choose fatigue-regulation behavior physical rest, method of diversion, management of stress, enough sleep, and psychological rest in order. In the near future, it is required that further studies investigate socio-environmental factors related to symptoms of health and develop programs motivating fatigue-regulation behaviors actively.
Child ; Education ; Exercise ; Fatigue ; Female ; Humans ; Marriage ; Menstruation ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Parity ; Pregnancy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Report ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Masticatory Muscles* ; Spasm* ; Tetanus*

Binocular diplopia after catarat surgery is a rare phenomenon, and it happens by variable mechanisms including extraocular muscle injury during bridle suture placement and myotoxicity of local anesthetics. We experienced three cases of binocular diplopia following successful cataract surgery in patients who had no history of strabismus, amblyopia and neurologic or systemic disease which might be related to mobility disorder. We report these cases and previous literature is reviewed.
Amblyopia ; Anesthetics, Local ; Cataract* ; Diplopia ; Humans ; Strabismus ; Sutures ; Telescopes*

Cavernous angiomas are considered to be congenital in origin. Patients under age of 14 years usually does not require imaging because they are likely to have a benign abducens nerve palsy, unless they develop additional signs or symptoms of neurologic disease during observation. Here we report a case of an isolated abducens nerve palsy caused by overt hemorrhage from de novo formation of cavernous angioma in the pons. Cavernous angiomas of the brain stem should be considered as a possible cause of isolated abducens nerve palsy in young adult and MRI, including gradient-echo sequences should be performed.
Abducens Nerve Diseases* ; Abducens Nerve* ; Brain Stem ; Hemangioma, Cavernous* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pons ; Young Adult

Cavernous angiomas are considered to be congenital in origin. Patients under age of 14 years usually does not require imaging because they are likely to have a benign abducens nerve palsy, unless they develop additional signs or symptoms of neurologic disease during observation. Here we report a case of an isolated abducens nerve palsy caused by overt hemorrhage from de novo formation of cavernous angioma in the pons. Cavernous angiomas of the brain stem should be considered as a possible cause of isolated abducens nerve palsy in young adult and MRI, including gradient-echo sequences should be performed.
Abducens Nerve Diseases* ; Abducens Nerve* ; Brain Stem ; Hemangioma, Cavernous* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pons ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the awareness of child rearing among parents of children in early childhood and to provide fundamental data for parent education programs according to child rearing type. METHODS: Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. Forty Q items which were derived from a literature review and interviews with nurturing mothers were classified into a normal distribution using a 9-point scale. Collected data were analyzed using the QUANAL PC Program. RESULTS: Four types of parents' child rearing were identified. Type I was named 'affection-respect type', type II, 'concern-rule compliant type', type III, 'solicitude-model type', and type IV, 'geniality-encouragement type'. CONCLUSION: For proper growth and development during early childhood, parents should have rational information and awareness of their child rearing type. Results of this study can be used as essential data to develop child rearing education programs according to parents' child rearing attitude.
Adult ; Attitude ; Awareness ; Behavior ; Child ; *Child Rearing ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Parents/*psychology ; Q-Sort ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the components and content of nursing intervention studies on mother-infant interactions and to present strategies for future studies. METHODS: Four electronic databases in the Korean language were searched to identify studies done between January 1998 and December 2011. The search yielded 145 articles. From these articles, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Mother-infant interactions in these studies were found to include verbal and non-verbal communication basic for optimal growth and development of the child. Six kinds of interventions for mother-infant interactions were identified as follows: sensory stimulation, education program, whole body massage, kangaroo care, visiting support, and music therapy. CONCLUSION: Further studies with well designed clinical trials need to be done in the area of child nursing to provide evidence based data for the development of strategies to promote positive mother-infant interactions.
Child ; Education ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Clinical Trial* ; Macropodidae ; Massage ; Mother-Child Relations* ; Music Therapy ; Nursing* ; Parent-Child Relations

The recent availability of recombinant human erythropoietin has opened new perspectives in the management of a variety of anemias. Clinical trials have been initiated in several countries using different approaches and methodology. We randomly assigned twelve premature infants(gestational age < 32 week) at high risk of requiring erythrocyte transfusion for anemia of prematurity with either subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin or a placebo. Treatment with rHuEPO was initiated at a dose of 100 units/kg day for 3 days a week. All patients were given supplemental oral iron therapy at a dose of 3 mg/kg per day, as tolerated and oral vitamin E at a dose of 25 units per day. Treated and control babies did not differ with respect to weight, hematocrit, overall mean reticulocyte count or rate of growth respectively. However, reticulocyte counts increased earlier in patients given rHuEPO. We conclude that rHuEPO administration is safe and feasible at the dose studied.
Anemia* ; Erythrocyte Transfusion ; Erythropoietin* ; Hematocrit ; Humans* ; Iron ; Pilot Projects* ; Reticulocyte Count ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a program to help emergency nurses overcome compassion fatigue, and to analyze the effects of the program. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. There were 14 participants in the experimental group and 18 subjects in the control group. The program was comprised of five, weekly 80-minute sessions including understanding and assessment of compassion fatigue, enhancing positive affect, balancing work-life, planning self care, training in relaxation techniques and cognitive restructuring, and getting social support. Research variables were ego-resiliency, compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue of the ProQOL 5, and salivary cortisol. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, independent t-test, and paired t-test. RESULTS: The first hypothesis, "There will be a difference in scores for ego resiliency between the experimental group and the control group". was not supported. The second hypothesis, "There will be a difference in scores for compassion satisfaction between the experimental group and the control group" was supported (t=2.15, p=.046). The third hypothesis, "There will be a difference in scores for compassion fatigue between the experimental group and the control group" was not supported. CONCLUSION: The first program for emergency nurses to overcome compassion fatigue in Korea was effective in increasing emergency nurses' compassion satisfaction and decreasing salivary cortisol level in the experimental group. Therefore, this program for overcoming compassion fatigue is useful to increase emergency nurses' compassion satisfaction. However replication studies of short-term intensive program reflecting emergency nurses' opinion are needed.
Ego ; Emergencies* ; Empathy* ; Fatigue* ; Hydrocortisone ; Korea ; Relaxation Therapy ; Resilience, Psychological ; Self Care

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the fatigue of the mothers of the hospitalized children's mothers in descriptive study. METHOD: Two hundred eighty three mothers who take care of the hospitalized children in three University hospitals were enrolled from June, 1 to October, 30, 2003. Data were collected using a questionnaire titled "Symptom Table on Fatigue Perception" designed by the Fatigue Research Committee of Japan, consisted of a total 30 items categorized into three sub-dimensions: the physical, the psychological and the neuro-sensory. SPSS was used for the analysis of data with 0.05 of significance. RESULT: 1) The mean average fatigue score of subjects was 1.94(SD:.48): the physical fatigue revealed the highest value with a mean of 2.19(SD:.57), followed by psychological fatigue with a mean score of 1.85(SD:.52), neuro-sensory fatigue with a mean of 1.79(SD:.51). 2) With the respect to the general characteristics of hospitalized children and mothers, there were statistically significant differences in the mothers' fatigue perception by the child sex(t=-2.697, p=.008), the character of child(F=9.032, p=.000), the child condition compared to pre-hospitalization(F=3.523, p=.031), with or without support in domestic households(t=-1.981, p=.049), the amount of sleeping time(t=2.704, p=.007), and with or without of night-time sleep disturbance because of the child hospitalization(t=2.082, p=.038). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that health care professional need to be aware of the persistent presence of the maternal fatigue related to the child hospitalization and the factors worsen the degree of the fatigue.
Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Delivery of Health Care ; Fatigue* ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Japan ; Mothers* ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires