Objectives: The aim of this study was to provide baseline data for the assessment of exposure to indium and to prevent adverse health effects among workers engaged in the electronics and related industries in Republic of Korea. Methods: Total (n = 369) and respirable (n = 384) indium concentrations were monitored using personal air sampling in workers at the following 19 workplaces: six sputtering target manufacturing companies, four manufacturing companies of panel displays, two companies engaged in cleaning of sputtering components, two companies dedicated to the cleaning of sputtering target, and five indium recycling companies. Results: The level of exposure to total indium ranged from 0.9 to 609.3 μg/m3 for the sputtering target companies; from 0.2 to 2,782.0 μg/m3 for the panel display companies and from 0.5 to 2,089.9 μg/m3 for the indium recycling companies. The level of exposure to respirable indium was in the range of 0.02 to 448.6 μg/m3 for the sputtering target companies; 0.01 to 419.5 μg/m3 for the panel display companies; and 0.5 to 436.3 μg/m3 for the indium recycling companies. The indium recycling companies had the most samples exceeding the exposure standard for indium, followed by sputtering target companies and panel display companies. Conclusions The main finding from this exposure assessment is that many workers who handle indium compounds in the electronics industry are exposed to indium levels that exceed the exposure standards for indium. Hence, it is necessary to continuously monitor the indium exposure of this workforce and take measures to reduce its exposure levels.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to provide baseline data for the assessment of exposure to indium and to prevent adverse health effects among workers engaged in the electronics and related industries in Republic of Korea. Methods: Total (n = 369) and respirable (n = 384) indium concentrations were monitored using personal air sampling in workers at the following 19 workplaces: six sputtering target manufacturing companies, four manufacturing companies of panel displays, two companies engaged in cleaning of sputtering components, two companies dedicated to the cleaning of sputtering target, and five indium recycling companies. Results: The level of exposure to total indium ranged from 0.9 to 609.3 μg/m3 for the sputtering target companies; from 0.2 to 2,782.0 μg/m3 for the panel display companies and from 0.5 to 2,089.9 μg/m3 for the indium recycling companies. The level of exposure to respirable indium was in the range of 0.02 to 448.6 μg/m3 for the sputtering target companies; 0.01 to 419.5 μg/m3 for the panel display companies; and 0.5 to 436.3 μg/m3 for the indium recycling companies. The indium recycling companies had the most samples exceeding the exposure standard for indium, followed by sputtering target companies and panel display companies. Conclusions The main finding from this exposure assessment is that many workers who handle indium compounds in the electronics industry are exposed to indium levels that exceed the exposure standards for indium. Hence, it is necessary to continuously monitor the indium exposure of this workforce and take measures to reduce its exposure levels.

Background: The increasing number of vaccines and the complexity of immunization programs, along with continuous changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases, necessitate a systematic approach to vaccine effectiveness (VE) evaluation. This study presents a preliminary survey to establish a VE evaluation framework in Korea, focusing on the National Immunization Program. Methods: Experts’ opinions were collected through a two-round online survey targeting key stakeholders. The first round consisted of two multiple-choice questions and two openended questions. The second round was a quantitative survey with 17 questionnaires based on five domains derived by analyzing the results of the first-round survey. Results: The results emphasize the necessity and urgency of a government-led VE evaluation system and the establishment of a multidisciplinary evaluation organization. Key considerations include personnel, budget, data integration, legal standards, and surveillance system enhancements. Conclusion These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, emphasizing the need for collaboration, financial support, and robust data management in developing evidence-based vaccination policies.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined ambulatory cardiovascular physiological parameters of taxi drivers while driving in relation to their occupational hazards. This study aims to investigate and quantify the impact of worksite physical hazards as a whole on ambulatory heart rate of professional taxi drivers while driving without their typical worksite psychosocial stressors. METHODS: Ambulatory heart rate (HRdriving) of 13 non-smoking male taxi drivers (24 to 67 years old) while driving was continuously assessed on their 6-hour experimental on-road driving in Los Angeles. Percent maximum HR range (PMHRdriving) of the drivers while driving was estimated based on the individual HRdriving values and US adult population resting HR (HRrest) reference data. For analyses, the HRdriving and PMHRdriving data were split and averaged into 5-min segments. Five physical hazards inside taxi cabs were also monitored while driving. Work stress and work hours on typical work days were self-reported. RESULTS: The means of the ambulatory 5-min HRdriving and PMHRdriving values of the 13 drivers were 80.5 bpm (11.2 bpm higher than their mean HRrest) and 10.7 % (range, 5.7 to 19.9 %), respectively. The means were lower than the upper limits of ambulatory HR and PMHR for a sustainable 8-hour work (35 bpm above HRrest and 30 % PMHR), although 15–27 % of the 5-min HRdriving and PMHRdriving values of one driver were higher than the limits. The levels of the five physical hazards among the drivers were modest: temperature (26.4 ± 3.0 °C), relative humidity (40.7 ± 10.4 %), PM2.5 (21.5 ± 7.9 μg/m3), CO2 (1,267.1 ± 580.0 ppm) and noise (69.7 ± 3.0 dBA). The drivers worked, on average, 72 h per week and more than half of them reported that their job were often stressful. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of physical worksite hazards alone on ambulatory HR of professional taxi drivers in Los Angeles generally appeared to be minor. Future ambulatory heart rate studies including both physical and psychosocial hazards of professional taxi drivers are warranted.
Adult ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Humidity ; Male ; Noise ; Pilot Projects* ; Workplace

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the dietary iodine intake of Koreans by a Total Diet Study (TDS) which provides ‘closer-to-real’ estimates of exposure to hazardous materials and nutrients through an analysis of table-ready (cooked) samples of foods. Methods: Dietary intake data from 2013-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was used to select representative foods (RFs) for iodine analysis. A total of 115 RFs were selected and 158 ‘RF × cooking method-combination’ pairs were derived by pairing each RF to corresponding cooking method(s) used more frequently. RFs were collected from 9 mega-markets in 9 metropolitan cities nationwide and mixed into composites prior to cooking preparation to a ‘table ready’ state for iodine analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Iodine intake of Koreans was estimated based on the food intake data of the 2016-2018 KNHANES. Results: High iodine content was detected in seaweeds such as sea mustard and kelp. The mean iodine intake/capita/day was 418.4 ㎍ and the median value was 129.0 ㎍. Seaweeds contributed to 77.4% of the total iodine intake and the contribution by food item was as follows: sea mustard (44.0%), kelp (20.4%), laver (13.1%), milk (3.9%), egg (3.5%). Compared to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2020, the proportion of people with iodine intake exceeding the tolerable upper intake level or below the estimated average requirement was high in the physiologically vulnerable groups (infants, children, pregnant women, and lactating women). Conclusions The results, drawn from a TDS, are regarded closer to real estimates for iodine intake of Koreans compared with values in existing literature, which were based on a very limited variety of foods. On the other hand, it seems necessary to seek out solutions for the problematic iodine intake among physiologically vulnerable groups through in-depth analyses on food intake data collected with significant scale & quality.

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the dietary iodine intake of Koreans by a Total Diet Study (TDS) which provides ‘closer-to-real’ estimates of exposure to hazardous materials and nutrients through an analysis of table-ready (cooked) samples of foods. Methods: Dietary intake data from 2013-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was used to select representative foods (RFs) for iodine analysis. A total of 115 RFs were selected and 158 ‘RF × cooking method-combination’ pairs were derived by pairing each RF to corresponding cooking method(s) used more frequently. RFs were collected from 9 mega-markets in 9 metropolitan cities nationwide and mixed into composites prior to cooking preparation to a ‘table ready’ state for iodine analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Iodine intake of Koreans was estimated based on the food intake data of the 2016-2018 KNHANES. Results: High iodine content was detected in seaweeds such as sea mustard and kelp. The mean iodine intake/capita/day was 418.4 ㎍ and the median value was 129.0 ㎍. Seaweeds contributed to 77.4% of the total iodine intake and the contribution by food item was as follows: sea mustard (44.0%), kelp (20.4%), laver (13.1%), milk (3.9%), egg (3.5%). Compared to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2020, the proportion of people with iodine intake exceeding the tolerable upper intake level or below the estimated average requirement was high in the physiologically vulnerable groups (infants, children, pregnant women, and lactating women). Conclusions The results, drawn from a TDS, are regarded closer to real estimates for iodine intake of Koreans compared with values in existing literature, which were based on a very limited variety of foods. On the other hand, it seems necessary to seek out solutions for the problematic iodine intake among physiologically vulnerable groups through in-depth analyses on food intake data collected with significant scale & quality.

Background: The use of acellular dermal matrix in implant-based breast reconstruction immediately after mastectomy has attracted attention in recent years because it yields good outcomes. Herein, we analyzed the usefulness of meshed SurgiMend in direct-to-implant (DTI) breast reconstruction. Methods: In this retrospective single-center analysis, 44 one-stage breast reconstructions using SurgiMend were performed in 42 patients from May 2016 to December 2017. The implant was inserted into the subpectoral plane and SurgiMend was applied to the inferolateral part that lacked tissues to wrap the silicone implant. In 19 patients (20 breasts), fenestration was performed with SurgiMend, while in the remaining 23 patients (24 breasts), SurgiMend that was meshed at a ratio of 1:1.5 was used. We analyzed the frequency of complications. Patient satisfaction was compared and analyzed using a five-item questionnaire (shape, texture, symmetry, pain, and overall outcome). Results: The average age of the patients was 43.2 years, and their mean body mass index was 21.1 kg/m2. The average follow-up period was 24.0 months. In the control (fenestrated SurgiMend) and experimental (meshed SurgiMend) groups, major seroma occurred in five of the 20 breasts (25.0%) and two of the 24 breasts (8.3%), respectively. Minor complications were resolved with conservative treatment. The patient satisfaction score for shape, texture, symmetry, pain, and overall satisfaction was 4.3, 4.1, 4.7, 4.5, and 4.4, respectively. Conclusions Applying meshed SurgiMend in DTI breast reconstruction is a useful surgical technique.

Background: The use of acellular dermal matrix in implant-based breast reconstruction immediately after mastectomy has attracted attention in recent years because it yields good outcomes. Herein, we analyzed the usefulness of meshed SurgiMend in direct-to-implant (DTI) breast reconstruction. Methods: In this retrospective single-center analysis, 44 one-stage breast reconstructions using SurgiMend were performed in 42 patients from May 2016 to December 2017. The implant was inserted into the subpectoral plane and SurgiMend was applied to the inferolateral part that lacked tissues to wrap the silicone implant. In 19 patients (20 breasts), fenestration was performed with SurgiMend, while in the remaining 23 patients (24 breasts), SurgiMend that was meshed at a ratio of 1:1.5 was used. We analyzed the frequency of complications. Patient satisfaction was compared and analyzed using a five-item questionnaire (shape, texture, symmetry, pain, and overall outcome). Results: The average age of the patients was 43.2 years, and their mean body mass index was 21.1 kg/m2. The average follow-up period was 24.0 months. In the control (fenestrated SurgiMend) and experimental (meshed SurgiMend) groups, major seroma occurred in five of the 20 breasts (25.0%) and two of the 24 breasts (8.3%), respectively. Minor complications were resolved with conservative treatment. The patient satisfaction score for shape, texture, symmetry, pain, and overall satisfaction was 4.3, 4.1, 4.7, 4.5, and 4.4, respectively. Conclusions Applying meshed SurgiMend in DTI breast reconstruction is a useful surgical technique.

Objectives: This study was conducted to find out if the dietary iron intake of Koreans estimated by 2 different methods (iron content sources) using the food intake data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) are comparable. One method was based on the KNHANES's Food & Nutrient Database (FND) derived mainly from the Korean Food Composition Table and the other used the iron content (IC) of food samples processed in the Korean Total Diet Study (KTDS). Methods: Dietary intake data from the 2013-2016 KNHANES was used to select representative foods (RFs) in KTDS for iron analysis. Selection of the RFs and cooking methods for each RF (RF × cooking method pair) was performed according to the ‘Guidebook for Korean Total Diet Studies’ and resulted in a total of 132 RFs and 224 ‘RF × cooking method’ pairs. RFs were collected in 9 metropolitan cities nationwide once or twice (for those with seasonality) in 2018 and made into 6 composites each, based on the origin and season prior to cooking. Then, the RF composites prepared to a ‘table ready’ state for KTDS were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Dietary iron intake of the Korean population was estimated using only RFs’ intake data based on the 2 sources of iron content, namely FND-KNHANES and IC-KTDS. Results: RFs in KTDS covered 92.0% of total food intake of Koreans in the 2016-2018 KNHANES. Mean iron intake of Koreans was 7.77 mg/person/day by IC-KTDS vs 9.73 mg/person/day by FND-KNHANES. The major food groups contributing to iron intake were meats (21.7%), vegetables (20.5%), and grains & cereals (13.4%) as per IC-KTDS. On the other hand, the latter source (FND-KNHANES) resulted in a very different profile: grains & cereals (31.1%), vegetables (16.8%), and meats (15.3%). While the top iron source was beef, accounting for 8.6% in the former, it was polished rice (19.2%) in the latter. There was a 10-fold difference in the iron content of polished rice between 2 sources that iron intakes excluding the contribution by polished rice resulted in very similar values: 7.58 mg/person/day by IC-KTDS and 7.86 mg/person/day by FNDKNHANES. Conclusions This study revealed that the dietary iron intake estimated by 2 different methods were quite comparable, excluding one RF, namely polished rice. KTDS was thus proven to be a useful tool in estimating a ‘closer-to-real’ dietary intake of nutrients for Koreans and further research on various nutrients is warranted.

Purpose: Partial breast reconstruction is challenging in medially located breast cancer, particularly in terms of achieving satisfactory aesthetic coverage. Thus, we aimed to investigate surgical strategies for filling medial defects resulting from breast-conserving surgery to improve patient satisfaction and aesthetic outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 113 patients (114 cases) with medially located breast cancer between 2007 and 2018. We analysed the patient data, such as breast size, specimen weight, complications, and aesthetic results obtained using a questionnaire. Results: The mean body mass index and specimen weight were 23.43 kg/m2 (range, 18.5–26.8) and 83.29 g (range, 15–290 g), respectively. The tennis racket and round-block techniques were chosen for small defects (< 10%–15%) in small- and medium-sized breasts.The rotational and perforator flap techniques were used for medium-sized defects. The latissimus dorsi (LD) flap technique was used for large defects (> 30%). Hematoma was found in 1 case (0.96%), linear skin necrosis was found in 1 case (0.96%), seroma in the LD flaps was found in 8 cases (7.69%); fat necrosis in the rotational flaps was found in 2 cases (1.92%); and fat necrosis in an anterior intercostal artery perforator flap was found in 1 case (0.96%). 91 patients (87.5%) were satisfied with the aesthetic results. Conclusion The techniques used in this study for medially located breast cancer can produce fine aesthetic outcomes with regard to breast size and resection volume, with few complications.