Objectives: This study was aimed to assess the usefulness of the quantitative assessment of clock drawing test (CDT) combined with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) compared to that of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) or the MMSE alone for screening of dementia in Parkinson disease (PD) in patients with a low educational level. Methods: A representative sample of 91 PD patients was administered MMSE, MoCA and CDT. The discriminative validity of the MMSE, MoCA, and a MMSE+CDT combination for dementia screening was determined by estimating the sensitivity and specificity of each test and by testing integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Results: The mean age and educational years were 69.0 (years) and 7.3 in the study population. The best screening cut-off points for the MMSE, MoCA, and MMSE+CDT were 25/26, 21/22 and 41/42. In a group of patients with educational years ≤6,
Dementia

Clinical observations and recent experimental studies have suggested that the longer status epilepticus (SE) persists, the more difficult it is to control SE pharmacologically. These findings imply that there are fundamental pathophysiologic processes, which make more resistant to intervene in the refractory SE. Recently, it has been recognized that ketamine, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, are effective agents in the treatment of the late stages of SE in the animal model. However, only one clinical experience has been reported. Here, we report two cases with refractory SE, responsive to ketamine.
Ketamine* ; Models, Animal ; N-Methylaspartate ; Status Epilepticus*

BACKGROUND: Hypersensitivity to both cell-killing and chromosome-damaging effects of ionizing radiation is a consistent feature of cells from individuals with ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). This radiobiological behavior of AT cells is a component of genetic instability and may contribute to cancer risk. Also, heterozygotes for AT-mutated (ATM) genes have no clinical expressions of AT, but may become cancer prone with a moderate increase in in-vitro radiosensitivity. METHODS: We performed a chromosomal analysis on lymphocytes from 3 AT patients, 5 obligate AT carriers (siblings and parents of the patients), and 5 normal controls. RESULTS: Increases in chromosomal breakages after irradiation with 1 gray/min in cells from AT patients ranged from 0.65 to 0.83 rearrangements per metaphase, while in the carriers and controls the levels of breakage were between 0 and 0.15 per metaphase cells (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with previously reported chromosomal radiosensitivity in AT patients. However, carriers do not show moderate radiosensitivity due to various technical factors such as the dose or distance of radiation. Although this research has some limitations due to the small numbers of patients, carriers and controls, this method may be an easy and useful diagnostic tool for AT patients in Korea. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(5):509~513, 2001)
Ataxia Telangiectasia* ; Ataxia* ; Chromosome Breakage ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Korea ; Lymphocytes* ; Metaphase ; Parents ; Radiation Tolerance ; Radiation, Ionizing

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical significance of endometrial thickness and pattan as a predictor of successful implantation of embryos in ovum donation and cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer program. METHODS: From January, 1996 to March, 1998, 31 cycles of ovum donation and 31 cycles of cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer were enrolled in this prospective study. Endometrial thickness was measured three times: prior to progesterone administration (P), 1 day and 3 days after P. In cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer cycles, the measurement at 1 day after P was omitted. Endometrial pattern was observed prior to progesterone, and was considered meaningful when a multi-layered triple-line was seen with prominent outer and central hyperchogenic lines and inner hypoechogenic regions. RESULTS: There were no differences in embryo quality, dose or duration of estrogen, and endometrial thickness or pattern between conception and non-conception cycles in both ovum donation and cryapreserved-thawed embryo transfer pmgram. In ovum donation cycles, no cortelation was observed between estrogen dose and endometrial thickness or pattern. In cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer cycles, total estrogen dose and endometral thickness at 3 days after P has a inverse correlation, and estrogen dose over 4.3 mg per day can predict expression of a multi-layered triple-line pattern, CONCLUSION: Endometrial thickness or pattern. cannot predict a successful implantaion of embryos in both ovum donation and cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer cycles.
Embryo Transfer* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Estrogens ; Fertilization ; Oocyte Donation* ; Ovum* ; Progesterone ; Prospective Studies

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: We studied to compare computed tomographic(CT) findings of liver injury with management methods in adults and, moreover, to present the CT basis for the management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed CT scans of 43 adults diagnosed as liver injury during a 66-month period. Thirty-eight patients were hemodynamically stable. Thirty-two of them were managed conservatively, whereas six managed operatively. Five unstable patients underwent emergency operation. We classified CT findings according to the severity of liver injuries(ie, hematoma, laceration, and periportal tracking) and hemperitoneum, ranging from grade 1 to 5 and from 0 to 3+, respectively. Thus, we compared the CT classificafions with their management(ie, operation rate), especially hemodynamically stable patients. RESULTS: Operation rates of all patients and hemodynamically stable patients were 26% and 16%, respectively. Operation rate at each grade of liver injury was low, especially in hemodynamically stable, despite relatively high operation rate in grade 4. Operation rate of 3+ hemoperitoneum was 100%, including hemodynamically stable patients, in contrast to otherwise low operation rate of others. CONCLUSION: Most liver injury in adults, including grade 4, were managed conservatively, especially hemodynamically stable. Though large amount of hemoperitoneum(ie, 3+) required operation, most hemoperitoeum were managed conservatively. Thus, CT findings of liver injury is helpful in the decision for the management method.
Adult* ; Classification* ; Emergencies ; Hematoma ; Hemoperitoneum ; Humans ; Lacerations ; Liver* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Embolization of the uterine arteries is a valuable method for controlling postpartum hemorrhage. There have been recent attempts to apply this tool as a means of controlling bleeding during Cesarean section, especially in patients with placenta previa. However, the benefits are controversial due to lack of randomized controlled studies, no evidence of significant improved outcomes, and potential harm including radiation exposure. This paper includes two case reports of intraoperative uterine artery embolization without fetal radiation exposure in patients with placenta previa totalis.
Cesarean Section ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Placenta ; Placenta Previa ; Postpartum Hemorrhage ; Pregnancy ; Uterine Artery ; Uterine Artery Embolization

Arachnoid cysts are usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. However, cysts may occasionally rupture because of minor head trauma. We describe the radiologic follow-up of 5 patients with ruptured arachnoid cysts featuring spontaneous resolution, subdural hygroma formation, and cystic and subdural hemorrhage. From January 2004 through July 2020, 5 patients (1.3%) with ruptured arachnoid cysts were evaluated out of 388 patients with arachnoid cysts encountered at our institution at that time. The 5 patients were all male, and they ranged in age from 6–17 years (median, 12 years).The median duration of radiologic follow-up was 3.5 years (range, 2.3–10.1 years). All of the ruptured arachnoid cysts were overlying the temporal lobe with Galassi type II. The median cyst diameter was 4.9 cm (range, 4.4–8.9 cm). Four patients had a history of recent minor head trauma. There were no particular neurologic symptoms in their past medical history in all patients. In the follow-up, two patients’ cysts resolved spontaneously without hemorrhage. One patient’s cyst resolved post-burr-hole drainage for chronic subdural hemorrhage. Another patient, whose cyst led to a hemorrhage and chronic subdural hemorrhage, recovered following a craniotomy, hematoma removal, and cyst fenestration. Another patient, presenting with hygroma, cystic hemorrhage, and chronic subdural hemorrhage, was treated with burr-hole drainage. Three patients recovered postoperatively. Arachnoid cysts rarely rupture, and surgical intervention is required for some cases associated with hemorrhage. Postoperatively, all patients had good outcomes without complications in this series.

PURPOSE: CT and MR findings of cerebral fat embolism syndrome(CFES) have been rarely reported, because its diagnosis had been made on the basis of only clinical features in the majority of the cases. The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical, CT, and MR findings in six patients of CFES. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Brain CT and MR findings were retrospectively analyzed in six patients with CFES that was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and MRI findings. All six patients had long bone fractures and showed typical delayed clinical manifestations 2-3 days later. Both CT and MRI were examined in all of six patients. Initial CT scan was performed within 48 hours after trauma in all patients, andfollow-up CT scan was done in 2-11 days in two patients. MRI was done within 2-7 days after trauma in three patients, and 13 days, 18 days, and 45 days in other three patients. Follow-up MRI studies were performed in 2-60 weeks in four patients. Clinical and laboratory findings were analyzed retrospectively with medical records. CT and MRI findings were evaluated with regard to presence or absence of diffuse brain swelling and focal abnormalities of signal intensity(density). RESULTS: CT scans obtained within 2 days after trauma showed diffuse cerebral swelling in five patients and normal findng in one patient. On Tl-weighted MRI, diffuse cerebral swelling was shown in three cases and high signal spots suggesting cerebral petechial hemorrhage were noted in both caudate nuclei and thalami in two cases. On T2-weighted images, high signal spots which were shown on Tl-weighted image were not visible. In all of six cases, multiple lesions of high signal were observed mainly in the cerebral white matters, cerebellum and brain stem, probably representing ischemia/infarct or edema. On the follow-up MRI studies performed within a period from weeks to one month after trauma, the size and the number of the lesions were significantly decreased and these findings were well corresponded with clinical course. CONCLUSION: MR findings' of CFES include diffuse cerebral swelling, petechial hemorrhage and mi- croinfarcts, which characteristically improved in short period. In cases suspected of having CFES, MRI is more useful than CT for initial and follow-up studies because of its high detection rate of lesions and correspondence with clinical course.
Brain ; Brain Edema ; Brain Stem ; Cerebellum ; Diagnosis ; Edema ; Embolism, Fat* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Bone ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: We wanted to analyze the mammographic and clinical findings of the non-mass image-forming low echoic areas seen on breast ultrasonography (US) and investigate their pathologic results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with 72 non-mass image-forming low echoic areas seen on breast US and who had undergone mammography and biopsy were included in this study. The mammographic findings were divided into 2 groups: 1) the negative or probably benign group and 2) the suspicious for malignancy group. The US findings were divided into 3 groups: focal, segmental and diffuse distributions. The clinical findings were divided into 2 groups: the non-palpable and palpable groups. We investigated the pathologic results according to each group. RESULTS: Of the 72 lesions, 49 (68.1%) were benign and 23 (31.9%) were malignant. On the mammography, 42 (93.3%) of the 45 negative or probably benign findings and 7 (25.9%) of 27 suspicious for malignancy findings were pathologically benign (p < 0.001). On the US, 38 (76%) of the 50 focal distributions and 11 (52.4%) of 21 segmental distributions were benign (p = 0.090). Thirty (73.2%) of the 41 nonpalpable lesions and 19 (61.3%) of the 31 palpable lesions were benign (p = 0.609). CONCLUSIONS: A non-mass image-forming low echoic area seen on breast US was malignant at a higher rate when it was found in conjunction with suspicious mammographic finding. There was no significant correlation between the distribution of the non-mass image-forming low echoic areas on US or their palpability and the pathologic results.
Biopsy ; Breast ; Humans ; Mammography ; Ultrasonography, Mammary