PURPOSE: It remains unknown whether local inhibition of Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) could have therapeutic value in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective NF-κB inhibition using NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) for the local treatment of AR in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized wild-type mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA and alum, and then challenged intranasally with OVA. NF-κB decoy ODNs were given intranasally to the treatment group, and NF-κB scrambled ODNs were given to the sham treatment group. Allergic symptom scores, eosinophil infiltration, cytokine levels in the nasal mucosa, nasal lavage fluid, and spleen cell culture, serum total and OVA-specific immunoglobulins, as well as intercellular adhesion molecure-1 (ICAM-1) in the nasal mucosa, were analyzed. RESULTS: NF-κB decoy ODNs significantly reduced allergic symptoms and eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa. They also suppressed serum levels of total IgE, OVA-specific IgE, and IgG1. IL-5 and TNF-α levels and the expression of ICAM-1 were decreased in the nasal mucosa of the treatment group compared to the positive control and sham treatment groups. In addition, IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in the nasal lavage fluid of the treatment group. Furthermore, NF-κB decoy ODNs significantly reduced expression of the systemic Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5 in spleen cell culture. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates for the first time that local NF-κB inhibition using NF-κB decoy ODNs suppressed the allergic response in a murine AR model. This shows the therapeutic potential of local NF-κB inhibition in the control of AR.
Animals ; Anti-Allergic Agents ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cytokines ; Eosinophils ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulins ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukin-5 ; Interleukin-6 ; Mice ; Nasal Lavage Fluid ; Nasal Mucosa ; NF-kappa B ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides* ; Ovalbumin ; Ovum ; Placebos ; Rhinitis, Allergic* ; Spleen

Although inverted papilloma (IP) of the nose and paranasal sinus is a benign neoplasm, it is associated with frequent recurrence and malignant transformation. Various surgical techniques have been employed for resection of this tumor. Transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy (TEMM) is an effective surgical management of IP originating from the maxillary sinus. It usually removes the inferior turbinate, lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and nasolacrimal duct, and may cause adverse effects such as atrophic rhinitis, empty nose syndrome, impairment of nasal physiological function, and epiphora. Recently, however, a modified TEMM, which preserves the inferior turbinate, lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and nasolacrimal duct has been introduced. We present two cases of IP successfully treated by the modified TEMM.
Endoscopy ; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases ; Maxillary Sinus* ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasolacrimal Duct ; Nose ; Papilloma, Inverted* ; Recurrence ; Rhinitis, Atrophic ; Turbinates

Extracranial carotid artery aneurysm is an uncommon disease that otorhinolaryngologists may encounter only rarely. It usually presents as pulsatile neck mass or as other neurologic symptoms. We report a case of extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysm in an 81-year old female who presented with a fever and nonpulsatile oropharyngeal swelling mimicking a peritonsillar abscess. Incision and drainage of the swelling lesion could have resulted in catastrophic events such as aneurismal rupture or a stroke. We thus recommend radiologic evaluations of peritonsillar abscess before performing any procedure, even if it is clinically highly suspicious.

Objectives: . This study was conducted to determine whether patients with allergic rhinitis might be more susceptible to human rhinovirus (HRV) infection and whether the effects of infection on the elicited immune responses are different in allergic and non-allergic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Methods: . Uncinate process tissues were obtained from 61 CRS patients (of whom 39 had allergies and 22 did not) and were infected with HRV-16 using an air-liquid interface organ culture system. The expression levels of programmed cell death-ligand (PD-L)1, PD-L2, intracellular adhesion molecule 1, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-10 were evaluated in the infected nasal mucosa. Results: . The HRV infection rates were not significantly different between the allergy (74.4%) and non-allergy (72.7%) groups. In the allergy group, the expression of PD-L1 (P=0.013) and IL-10 (P=0.040) was significantly elevated in the HRV-infected tissues, and there was a strong correlation between PD-L1 and IL-10 (r=0.868, P<0.001). In contrast, infected tissues from the non-allergy group displayed increased levels of IL-4 (P=0.039), IL-5 (P=0.023), and IFN-γ (P=0.031), as well as an increased IL-4/IFN-γ ratio, after HRV infection (P=0.043). Conclusion . This study showed that HRV infection rates were similar in the nasal mucosa of patients with CRS regardless of the presence of allergic rhinitis. HRV infection enhanced the Th2 environment by modulating PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression levels in allergic mucosa and by increasing the IL-4/IFN-γ ratio in non-allergic mucosa.

Mucormycosis is a rare invasive and highly aggressive fungal infection, which shows rapid progression with life threatening complications in immunocompromised patients. Therefore, it is important to quickly recognize fungal infection in immunocompromised patients and start treatment with antifungal agents or perform surgical debridement. Most nasal septal abscesses are caused by post-traumatic hematoma and subsequent bacterial infection. In immunocompromised patients, nasal septal abscess can develop without trauma and may involve atypical pathogens like fungus. Herein we report a case of mucormycosis presenting with abscesses of nasal septum and gingivobuccal mucosa in an immunocompromised patient.
Abscess ; Antifungal Agents ; Bacterial Infections ; Debridement ; Fungi ; Hematoma ; Immunocompromised Host ; Mouth ; Mucormycosis ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Septum

Mucormycosis is a rare invasive and highly aggressive fungal infection, which shows rapid progression with life threatening complications in immunocompromised patients. Therefore, it is important to quickly recognize fungal infection in immunocompromised patients and start treatment with antifungal agents or perform surgical debridement. Most nasal septal abscesses are caused by post-traumatic hematoma and subsequent bacterial infection. In immunocompromised patients, nasal septal abscess can develop without trauma and may involve atypical pathogens like fungus. Herein we report a case of mucormycosis presenting with abscesses of nasal septum and gingivobuccal mucosa in an immunocompromised patient.

Objectives: . This study was conducted to determine whether patients with allergic rhinitis might be more susceptible to human rhinovirus (HRV) infection and whether the effects of infection on the elicited immune responses are different in allergic and non-allergic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Methods: . Uncinate process tissues were obtained from 61 CRS patients (of whom 39 had allergies and 22 did not) and were infected with HRV-16 using an air-liquid interface organ culture system. The expression levels of programmed cell death-ligand (PD-L)1, PD-L2, intracellular adhesion molecule 1, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-10 were evaluated in the infected nasal mucosa. Results: . The HRV infection rates were not significantly different between the allergy (74.4%) and non-allergy (72.7%) groups. In the allergy group, the expression of PD-L1 (P=0.013) and IL-10 (P=0.040) was significantly elevated in the HRV-infected tissues, and there was a strong correlation between PD-L1 and IL-10 (r=0.868, P<0.001). In contrast, infected tissues from the non-allergy group displayed increased levels of IL-4 (P=0.039), IL-5 (P=0.023), and IFN-γ (P=0.031), as well as an increased IL-4/IFN-γ ratio, after HRV infection (P=0.043). Conclusion . This study showed that HRV infection rates were similar in the nasal mucosa of patients with CRS regardless of the presence of allergic rhinitis. HRV infection enhanced the Th2 environment by modulating PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression levels in allergic mucosa and by increasing the IL-4/IFN-γ ratio in non-allergic mucosa.

PURPOSE: We examined the ability of preschool aged children to meet the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Resiratory Society (ERS) goals for spirometry quality and tried to find out the major factor for improving the rate of success of spiromety test in this age group. METHODS: Spirometry was performed in 2-6 aged 155 children with chronic cough or suspicious asthma with the recording of maneuver quality measures of forced expiratory time, end-of-test volume, back-extrapolated volume (Vbe), and forced vital capacity (FVC), as well as flow-volume curve. The subjects were tested several times and the two best results in each subject were selected. All criteria for quality control were suggested by ATS/ERS guidelines. The criteria for starting of the test was Vbe <80 mL and Vbe/FVC <12.5%. The criteria for repeatability of the test was that second highest FVC and FEV1 are within 100 mL or 10% of the highest value, whichever is greater. For the criteria for termination of the test for preschool aged children, we evaluated the flow-volume curve RESULTS: As getting older, the success rate of spirometry increased and rapidly increased after 3 years old. Total success rate of the test was 59.4% (2 years old - 14.3%, 3 years old - 53.7%, 4 years old - 65.1%, 5 years old - 69.7%, 6 years old - 70.8%). The percentage of failure to meet the criteria for starting the test was 6.5%, repeatability of the test was 12.3% and end of the test was 31%. There was a significant difference only in age between success group and failure group. Evaluating the quality control criteria of previous studies, the success rate increased with age. CONCLUSION: About 60% of preschool aged children met ATS/ERS goals for spirometry test performance and the success rate was highly correlated with age. It is clearly needed that developing more feasible and suitable criteria for quality control of spirometry test in preschool aged children.
Aged ; Asthma ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cough ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Spirometry ; Vital Capacity

PURPOSE: We examined the ability of preschool aged children to meet the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Resiratory Society (ERS) goals for spirometry quality and tried to find out the major factor for improving the rate of success of spiromety test in this age group. METHODS: Spirometry was performed in 2-6 aged 155 children with chronic cough or suspicious asthma with the recording of maneuver quality measures of forced expiratory time, end-of-test volume, back-extrapolated volume (Vbe), and forced vital capacity (FVC), as well as flow-volume curve. The subjects were tested several times and the two best results in each subject were selected. All criteria for quality control were suggested by ATS/ERS guidelines. The criteria for starting of the test was Vbe <80 mL and Vbe/FVC <12.5%. The criteria for repeatability of the test was that second highest FVC and FEV1 are within 100 mL or 10% of the highest value, whichever is greater. For the criteria for termination of the test for preschool aged children, we evaluated the flow-volume curve RESULTS: As getting older, the success rate of spirometry increased and rapidly increased after 3 years old. Total success rate of the test was 59.4% (2 years old - 14.3%, 3 years old - 53.7%, 4 years old - 65.1%, 5 years old - 69.7%, 6 years old - 70.8%). The percentage of failure to meet the criteria for starting the test was 6.5%, repeatability of the test was 12.3% and end of the test was 31%. There was a significant difference only in age between success group and failure group. Evaluating the quality control criteria of previous studies, the success rate increased with age. CONCLUSION: About 60% of preschool aged children met ATS/ERS goals for spirometry test performance and the success rate was highly correlated with age. It is clearly needed that developing more feasible and suitable criteria for quality control of spirometry test in preschool aged children.
Aged ; Asthma ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cough ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Spirometry ; Vital Capacity

BACKGROUND/AIMS: While surgical resection remains the standard of care in the treatment of upper urinary tract malignancies, nephrectomy is a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to determine whether histologic evaluation of non-neoplastic kidney could enable early identification of unrecognized kidney disease and could be of prognostic value in predicting postoperative renal outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 51 patients with upper urinary tract malignancies who received uninephrectomy or uninephroureterectomy. A thorough pathologic evaluation of non-neoplastic kidney including special stains, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic studies was performed. The degree of parenchymal changes was graded from 0 to 15. RESULTS: Of 51 patients, only 13 showed normal kidney pathology. Fifteen patients showed glomerular abnormalities, 14 showed diabetic nephropathy, and 11 showed vascular nephropathy. There was one case each of reflux nephropathy and chronic pyelonephritis. The median histologic score was 5 points. Only 25.4% of patients had ≤ 3 points. Score more than 5 was observed in 47.1% of patients. Postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 3 to 36 months were obtained from 90.2% of patients, and of those, 34.8% had de novo CKD. Since no one had CKD in partial nephrectomized patients, we determined risk factors for CKD in radical nephrectomized patients. Cox regression analysis revealed that postoperative AKI, preoperative eGFR, and histologic score of non-neoplastic kidney were the independent predictors for CKD. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that routine pathologic evaluation of non-neoplastic kidney provides valuable diagnostic and prognostic information.
Coloring Agents ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; Kidney Neoplasms ; Kidney* ; Nephrectomy ; Pathology ; Pyelonephritis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Standard of Care ; Urinary Tract*