OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate the distribution of the result of 17,744 cervicovaginal smears and their pathologic results in Inha University Hospital to make a reference data. METHODS: During 28 months, May 1996 to August 1998, we performed 17,774 cervicovaginal smears and arranged them by the Bethesda system and compared them with their pathologic results. RESULTS: Among 17,744 smears, there were 93.2% of benign results, 2.9% of ASCUS, 0.9% of LSIL, 1.4% of HSIL, and 0.8% of SCC. The ASCUS/SIL ratio was 1.28. Among ASCUS, the high grade histologic outcome was composed 4.0%. Among LSIL, there were 15.7%, and HSIL 48.0%, SCC 56.1%, AGUS 9.3%, and Adenocarcinoma, the results was 69.2%. CONCLUSION: Among 17,744 smears, there were 93.2% of benign results, 2.9% of ASCUS, 0.9% of LSIL, 1.4% of HSIL, and 0.8% of SCC. The ASCUS/SIL ratio was 1.28. These results were very similar to other data and we would like to add our data to them as a reference. And the worse the smear results were, the worse the pathologic results were.
Adenocarcinoma

A clinical and laboratory study was conducted on 75 children with dysentery-like stool, who had been admitted or visited to our pediatric department, during 8 months period from January to August 1980. The following results were obtained: One to five years of age group was affected most frequently(47%), Shigella flexneri was identified by stool culture in 23 cases(30%) and Entameba histolytica in 13 cases(17%). In bacillary dysentery group, fever was the most common symptom occuring in 83%, followed by abdominal pain in 35%. vomiting in 26% and convulsion in 22%. In amoebic dysentery group, fever was noted in 31% and convulsion in 8%, showing some contrast to the frequency of fever & CNS manifestation. About the character of diarrheal stool, 83% of bacillary dysentery group showed bloody, mucoid stool and 62% of amoebic dysentery group mucoid ones. Frequency of diarrhea was 11 times per day or more in 73% of bacillary dysentery patients, and 10 times per day or lese in 92% of amoebic dysentery patients. The result of sensitivity test of isolated Shigella to various antibiotics were as follow : 100% sensitive to kanamycin, gentamicin, amikacin, cephaloridine & rifampin, 87% to nalidixic acid, an4 4.3% to sulfonamide, chloramphcnicol, streptomycin, tetracyclin, ampicillin & bactrim. And 22 out of 23 isolated Shigella strains revealed multiple- drug-resistance pattern on 6 or more antibiotics.
Abdominal Pain ; Amebiasis ; Amikacin ; Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cephaloridine ; Child* ; Daegu* ; Diarrhea ; Dysentery, Amebic ; Dysentery, Bacillary ; Fever ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; Kanamycin ; Nalidixic Acid ; Rifampin ; Seizures ; Shigella ; Shigella flexneri ; Streptomycin ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination ; Vomiting

Barrett's esophagus is a metaplasia of the esophageal epithelium of any length, such that normal squamous epithelium is replaced by specialized columnar epithelium with goblet cells. It is important to diagnose and survey Barrett's esophagus because it is believed to be the major risk factor for development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in Korea is low. Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a systemic disorder in which patients have combinations of the clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and polymyositis. Although gastroesophageal reflux disease is common in esophageal involvement in MCTD, long-segment Barrett's esophagus in MCTD has not been reported in Korea. We report here a 15 cm-long segment of Barrett's esophagus extending to the proximal esophagus in a female patient who has had MCTD for 2 years, and we review the literature.
Adenocarcinoma ; Barrett Esophagus ; Epithelium ; Esophagus ; Female ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Korea ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Metaplasia ; Mixed Connective Tissue Disease ; Polymyositis ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Scleroderma, Systemic

Barrett's esophagus is a metaplasia of the esophageal epithelium of any length, such that normal squamous epithelium is replaced by specialized columnar epithelium with goblet cells. It is important to diagnose and survey Barrett's esophagus because it is believed to be the major risk factor for development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in Korea is low. Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a systemic disorder in which patients have combinations of the clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and polymyositis. Although gastroesophageal reflux disease is common in esophageal involvement in MCTD, long-segment Barrett's esophagus in MCTD has not been reported in Korea. We report here a 15 cm-long segment of Barrett's esophagus extending to the proximal esophagus in a female patient who has had MCTD for 2 years, and we review the literature.
Adenocarcinoma ; Barrett Esophagus ; Epithelium ; Esophagus ; Female ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Korea ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Metaplasia ; Mixed Connective Tissue Disease ; Polymyositis ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Scleroderma, Systemic

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of combined treatment with alendronate plus active or plain vitamin D on the vitamin D metabolism and bone turnover markers in patients with osteoporosis. METHODS: We investigated 297 osteoporosis outpatients who were treated with Maxmarvil(R) (alendronate 5 mg plus calcitriol 0.5 microg) daily or Fosamax Plus(R) (alendronate 70 mg plus cholecalciferol 2,800 IU) weekly for 1 year. The serum levels of 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus, osteocalcin and N-telopeptide were measured at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment. RESULTS: The data of 72 of the 297 patients were analyzed. In the Maxmarvil(R) group (n = 45), the serum PTH significantly decreased by 17% from baseline at 6 months (microd = -6.10; +/- 0.85 SE; P < 0.05) and it remained suppressed to 12 months. The serum 25(OH)D tended to increase, but without significance. In the Fosamax Plus(R) group (n = 27), the serum 25(OH)D significantly increased by 77% from baseline at 3 months (microd = 9.87; +/- 2.32 SE; P < 0.05) and it remained significantly higher than baseline at 6 months (microd = 3.49; +/- 0.86 SE; P < 0.05) and 12 months (microd = 10.47; +/- 0.71 SE; P < 0.001). However, the serum PTH showed no significant decrease. In the Maxmarvil(R) group, the serum osteocalcin significantly decreased by 26% from baseline at 12 months (microd = -5.15; +/- 0.35 SE; P < 0.05), and in the Fosamax Plus(R) group, the serum osteocalcin significantly decreased by 19% from baseline at 6months (microd = -2.64; +/- 0.73 SE; P < 0.05) and it remained suppressed to 12 months (microd = -2.99; +/- 0.37 SE; P = 0.32) without significance. CONCLUSION: Maxmarvil(R) and Fosamax Plus(R) both improved the bone metabolism in Korean osteoporosis patients. Maxmarvil(R) significantly lowered the serum PTH levels, whereas Fosamax Plus(R) significantly elevated the serum 25(OH)D levels.
Alendronate ; Calcitriol ; Calcium ; Cholecalciferol ; Collagen Type I ; Diphosphonates ; Humans ; Osteocalcin ; Osteoporosis ; Outpatients ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Peptides ; Phosphorus ; Vitamin D ; Vitamins

PURPOSE: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious issue often leading to discontinuation of the proper regimen of antituberculosis drugs (ATD). Previous studies have suggested that antioxidant enzymes play an important role in DILI. METHODS: We explored whether polymorphisms in superoxide dismutase genes, including Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) are associated with ATD-induced hepatitis. Genotype distributions of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three genes (rs2070424, SOD1; rs4880, SOD2; rs2536512, and rs1799895, SOD3) were compared between 84 patients with ATD-induced hepatitis and 237 patients tolerant to ATD. RESULTS: Intron SNP rs2070424 of SOD1 showed a significant association with ATD-induced hepatitis. The frequency of genotypes carrying minor alleles (GA or GG) was significantly higher in the case group than that of controls (P=0.019, OR=2.26, 95% CI 1.14-4.49). For the other SNPs of SOD2 and SOD3, there were no differences in genotype frequencies between ATD-induced hepatitis and ATD-tolerant controls. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that rs2070424 of SOD1 is significantly associated with ATD-induced hepatitis. This genetic variant may be a risk factor for ATD-induced hepatitis in individuals from Korea.
Alleles ; Drug-Induced Liver Injury* ; Genotype ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Introns ; Korea ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Risk Factors ; Superoxide Dismutase*

Genetic variants in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes are associated with increased susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. We hypothesized that genetic variant ABC transporters (ABCB1 and ABCC2) may be candidate markers for predicting maculopapular eruption (MPE) induced by antituberculosis therapy. We compared the genotype distributions of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in the ABCB1 and ABCC2 genes between 62 antituberculosis drug (ATD)-induced MPE cases and 159 ATD-tolerant controls using multivariate logistic regression analysis. There was no significant association between genetic polymorphisms in ABCB1 and ATD-induced MPE (P>0.05). Among seven selected SNPs of ABCC2, IVS3-49C>T in intron and I1324I were associated with ATD-induced MPE (P=0.029 and 0.036, respectively). In an analysis of the ABCC2 haplotypes (ht; -1549G>A_-24C>T_IVS3-49C>T_V417I), ht1[G-C-C-G] was significantly associated with ATD-induced MPE (P=0.032, OR=0.35, 95% CI: 0.16-0.95). No significant association between the other haplotypes and ATD-induced MPE was observed. An ABCC2 haplotype is associated with the presence of ATD-induced MPE in patients with tuberculosis and may be a genetic risk factor for the development of MPE induced by ATD.
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; Drug Toxicity ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Introns ; Logistic Models ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Risk Factors ; Tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: Anti-tuberculosis drugs used in combination cause adverse drug reactions, but the prevalence of the reactions and risk factors have not been determined. This study aims to identify the prevalence and risk factors of adverse drug reactions (ADR) to the use of first line anti-tuberculosis drugs. METHODS: A total of 435 newly diagnosed patients with tuberculosis (44.1 years+/-19.0 years) were eligible for this study. All patients received daily oral isoniazid (300 or 400 mg), rifampicin (450 or 600 mg) and ethambutol (800 mg) for 6 months, and pyrazinamide (20 mg/kg) for 2 months. Blood tests were performed regularly (before treatment, 2 weeks after treatment, and bimonthly there after). Patients were interviewed 2 months and 6 months after treatment. A serious ADR was defined as any ADR that resulted in the discontinuation of one or more of the drugs. RESULTS: An ADR was noted in 52.6% of all patients. Gastrointestinal (19.3%), cutaneous (17.7%), hepatic (13.8%), renal (12.6%), and neurological (10.3%) ADRs were frequent and hematological (4.4%), musculoskeletal (3.0%) ADRs were less frequent. A skin ADR was associated with an elevated baseline of liver enzymes (odds ratio, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.2 to 9.9), whereas a hepatic ADR was associated with a history of chronic liver disease (odds ratio, 4.82; 95% CI, 1.7 to 13.2). The prevalence of any serious ADR was 9.7%. Occurrence of any serious ADR was associated with a history of chronic liver disease (odds ratio, 4.29; 95% CI, 1.4 to 13.6). CONCLUSIONS: Anti-tuberculosis drugs given in combination frequently caused a ADR and the findings suggest that a patient receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment should be closely monitored.
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions* ; Ethambutol ; Hematologic Tests ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Isoniazid ; Liver ; Liver Diseases ; Prevalence* ; Pyrazinamide ; Rifampin ; Risk Factors ; Skin ; Tuberculosis

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is an uncommon hematological disorder that manifests as fever, splenomegaly, and jaundice, with hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow and other tissues pathologically. Secondary HPS is associated with malignancy and infection, especially viral infection. The prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients is approximately 16%. Nevertheless, HPS in UC superinfected by CMV is very rare. A 52-year-old female visited the hospital complaining of abdominal pain and hematochezia for 6 days. She was diagnosed with UC 3 years earlier and had been treated with sulfasalazine, but had stopped her medication 4 months earlier. On admission, her spleen was enlarged. The peripheral blood count revealed pancytopenia and bone marrow aspiration smears showed hemophagocytosis. Viral studies revealed CMV infection. She was treated successfully with ganciclovir. We report this case with a review of the related literature.
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/drug therapy ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/*complications/drug therapy ; Female ; Ganciclovir/therapeutic use ; Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology ; Humans ; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/drug therapy/*virology ; Middle Aged ; Sulfasalazine/therapeutic use ; Superinfection/*complications

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this survey was to compare Korean menopausal women's perceptions of hormone replacement therapy before and after publication of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study. METHODS: This study was conducted through a survey of 713 postmenopausal women, who attended lectures on health to commemorate Korean Menopause Awareness Month, during 2009 in Seoul and the provinces (Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju and Busan). RESULTS: Respondents' knowledge concerning the cause of menopause have been increased to 86.7% in 2009, compared to 56.6% in 2002. Women who required hormone therapy increased to 57.6% in 2009, compared to 56.6% in 2002. As a source of information about hormone therapy, media was about 34.0% in 2009, different from the previous study that doctor's advice was 60.7%. Among the women who stopped hormone therapy, the most common reason was fear of cancer (31.8%), which increased compared to 9.3% in 2002. Women who received regular screening for breast cancer increased to 82.3% in 2009, compared to 35.0% in 2002. Women who checked bone mineral density (BMD) increased to 71.8% in 2009, compared to 40.2% in 2002. CONCLUSION: Menopausal women in Korea have increased their awareness of menopause. They responded that hormone therapy was helpful to manage menopausal symptoms, even after WHI study. They obtained menopause-related information through various sources, and the role of mass media has been greatly increased. But they were concerned about the increased risk for cancer, especially breast cancer.
Bone Density ; Breast Neoplasms ; Female ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Korea ; Lectures ; Mass Media ; Mass Screening ; Menopause ; Publications ; Republic of Korea ; Women's Health