Given that Kawasaki disease (KD) can cause cardiac complications, it is crucial to diagnose and treat the disease in the emergency department. We report a case of a 10-year-old girl who presented to the emergency department with cervical lymphadenopathy and fever. The initial diagnosis was retropharyngeal abscess based on computed tomography findings, but antibiotic therapy failed and she was subsequently diagnosed with KD. After 3 doses of intravenous immunoglobulin along with methylprednisolone and methotrexate, she was discharged on hospital day 21. The cervical lymphadenopathy suggesting retropharyngeal abscess might be an early sign of incomplete or intravenous immunoglobulin-resistant KD.
Child* ; Diagnosis* ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female* ; Fever* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Lymphatic Diseases* ; Methotrexate ; Methylprednisolone ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Neck Pain ; Retropharyngeal Abscess* ; Vasculitis

BACKGROUND: The intimal thickening of coronary artery was understood as an early process in the beginning of atherosclerosis. However, the implication of intimal thickening as a morphologic change of coronary artery disease, on the coronary vascular hemodynamics has not been explored. METHODS: To evaluate the effect of intimal thickening on the coronary vascular hemodynamics, we studied the extent of intimal thickening on intravascular ultrasound(IVUS) and the coronary vascular flow and resistance by using Doppler wire in left anterior descending coronary arteries after successful intervention in 40 patients(29 males, mean age 55+/-9 years) with coronary artery disease. Mean intimal index and mean lumen cross sectional area were determined by IVUS and coronary flow average peak velocity was obtained by using Doppler wire before and after intracoronary adenosine in distal artery to the stenosis. Coronary flow velocity reserve(CFR), volumetric coronary blood flow(CBF) and coronary vascular resistance index(CVRI) were calculated. Hyperemic pressure-to-flow ratio(hyperemic mean aortic pressure/hyperemic volumetric coronary blood flow), ie, an index of minimal coronary vascular resistance(mCVR), was further derived. RESULTS: Intimal index(mean 20.0+/-8.3%) was significantly correlated with CVRI(mean 0.33+/-0.14, r=.37, p=.02) and mCVR(mean 0.81+/-0.40mmHg/ml/min, r=.36, p=.02). However, there was no correlation with CBF and CFR. CONCLUSION: The CVRI and mCVR(hyperemic pressure to flow ratio), the indices coronary microvascular resistance, were significantly related to the degree of intimal thickness of coronary artery. The extent of intimal thickness of coronary artery on IVUS study may be related to microvascular integrity.
Adenosine ; Arteries ; Atherosclerosis ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Male ; Vascular Resistance*

BACKGROUND: Cardiogenic shock is the most common cause of in-hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Despite improvement in coronary care, the in-hospital mortality rate of cardiogenic shock is very high in conventional conservative therapy. Recently, it was suggested that coronary angioplasty may reduce the mortality associated with cardiogenic shock. METHOD: Thirteen consecutive patients with cardiogenic shock who underwent coronary angioplasty were studied. Shock was not induced by mechanical complications, arrhythmia, hypovolemia and other reversible cause. We collected and analyzed the clinical, hemodynamic survivor groups. RESULTS: Of 13 patients, 11 had successful reperfusion of the infarct-related coronary artery and 2 had unsuccessful reperfusion. Of 11 patients with successful angioplasty, 8 survived at the time of hospital discharge. All patents with unsuccessful angioplasty died in the hospital. Therefore overall hospital survival rate was 62% and the rate increased to 73% in patients with successful reperfusion. Survivor and non-survivor groups in clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic variables were similar except systolic blood pressure and the presence of successful reperfusion. CONCLUSION: In patients with cardiogenic shock, the patency of infarct-related coronary artery was strongly associated with in-hospital mortality. This findings support aggressive interventional strategy in patient with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction.
Angioplasty ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary* ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Blood Pressure ; Coronary Vessels ; Hemodynamics ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Hypovolemia ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Reperfusion ; Shock ; Shock, Cardiogenic* ; Survival Rate ; Survivors

BACKGROUND: Cardiogenic shock is the most common cause of in-hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Despite improvement in coronary care, the in-hospital mortality rate of cardiogenic shock is very high in conventional conservative therapy. Recently, it was suggested that coronary angioplasty may reduce the mortality associated with cardiogenic shock. METHOD: Thirteen consecutive patients with cardiogenic shock who underwent coronary angioplasty were studied. Shock was not induced by mechanical complications, arrhythmia, hypovolemia and other reversible cause. We collected and analyzed the clinical, hemodynamic survivor groups. RESULTS: Of 13 patients, 11 had successful reperfusion of the infarct-related coronary artery and 2 had unsuccessful reperfusion. Of 11 patients with successful angioplasty, 8 survived at the time of hospital discharge. All patents with unsuccessful angioplasty died in the hospital. Therefore overall hospital survival rate was 62% and the rate increased to 73% in patients with successful reperfusion. Survivor and non-survivor groups in clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic variables were similar except systolic blood pressure and the presence of successful reperfusion. CONCLUSION: In patients with cardiogenic shock, the patency of infarct-related coronary artery was strongly associated with in-hospital mortality. This findings support aggressive interventional strategy in patient with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction.
Angioplasty ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary* ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Blood Pressure ; Coronary Vessels ; Hemodynamics ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Hypovolemia ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Reperfusion ; Shock ; Shock, Cardiogenic* ; Survival Rate ; Survivors

BACKGROUND: In the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, measurement of CK-MB is widely used as an enzyme test, but it needs special instruments, lacks specificity in the presence of concomitant skeletal muscle injuries, and has narrow diagnostic time window. Cardiac specific troponin T-a new marker for the diagnosis of myocardial injury-is now available. Besides the quantitative assay, rapid qualitative asay is also possible with the development of rapid assay Kit. We studied about the efficacy of the Troponin T rapid assay Kit in early doagnosis of actue myocardial infarction in the emergency room. METHODS: Total Ck, Ck-MB, LDH and serum troponin T activities were determined when the patients arrived at the emergency room and at the same time Troponin T rapid assay kit test was done. Final diagnosis was made through the serial measurement of CK, CK-MB and LDH. Diagnostic efficacy of each rest was evaluated. RESULTS: Overall diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of Troponin T rapid assay kit were 0.97 and 0.91. When evaluated only with the initial results, Troponin T rapid assay kit showed sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.97, serum troponin T 0.75, 0.92, and Ck-Mb 0.81,0.95. In one patient who was finally diagnosed as a septic shock, Ck-MB was elevated but serum troponin T was not and Troponin T rapid assay kit test showed negative result. CONCLUSION: Troponin T rapid assay kit test seems to show nearly the same sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction compared to CK-MB. This test can be done simply and easily in a short time. Thus, with the use of this test, morbidity, mortality and economic loss due to misdiagnosis and delay of diagnosis of myocardial infarction might be reduced.
Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Errors ; Early Diagnosis* ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Mortality ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Shock, Septic ; Troponin T* ; Troponin*

BACKGROUND: During clinical practice we found that left ventricular systolic function(LVSF) has been normalized in some patients with cardiomyopathy. We investigated the echocardiographic and clinical factors affecting normalization of LVSF in these patients. METHOD: The patients with LV systolic dysfunction(EF<40%) were evaluated with echocardiography, coronary angiography and/or 201-Thallium SPECT and follow-up echocardiography(FUE) one year later. They had no coronary, valvular, congenital heart diseases. Consecutive 50 patients with improved LVSF(EF> or =55%) in FUE were defined to Group 1(mean age 57+/-16, male 21, female 29, mean follow-up 18+/-6 month) and another consecutive 50 patients with sustained decreased LVSF(EF<40%) and no increment of EF over 10% in FUE were defined to Group 2(mean age 56+/-14, male 32, female 18, mean follow-up 20+/-6 month). RESULTS: By univariate analysis, significant factors affecting normalization of LVSF were female sex, non-smoker, first experience of dyspnea, absence of bundle branch block in ECG, end-diastolic dimension of LV(LVEDD), end-diastolic volume of LV(LVEDV), LA size, less sphericity, presence of pericardial effusion, peak and end systolic wall stress. By multivariate analysis, LVEDD(Group 1: 61+/-7, Group 2: 71+/-7mm, p<0.001), LVEDV(Group 1: 139+/-59, Group 2: 190+/-51ml, p<0.01), absence of bundle branch block in ECG and 1st attack of symptom were significant. By Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, area under curve of LVEDD and LVEDV were 0.859(95%CI: 0.775-0.920) and 0.805(95%CI: 0.681-0.896), respectively. LVEDD< or =64mm predicted normalization of LVSF with a sensitivity 76% and a specificity 86%. CONCLUSION: Determination of cardiac dimension and volume by echocardiography is very important to predicting normalization of LV systolic function in primary myocardial disease. And this results suggest that myocardial structural integrity may be important for recovery of LV function in clinical setting.
Bundle-Branch Block ; Cardiomyopathies* ; Coronary Angiography ; Dyspnea ; Echocardiography* ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pericardial Effusion ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Statistics as Topic ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

Objective: In September 2018, the traffic law revision has enforced all passengers in cars to wear seatbelts. Our study aims to investigate the effects of this law revision on fellow passengers involved in car accidents by considering their seatbelt-wearing rate and severity score. Methods: This study is a retrospective observational study. Data were collected from the Emergency Department-based Injury in-depth Surveillance (for the years 2017 and 2019), Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Candidates were patients who visited emergency rooms (ERs) of 23 hospitals from January to December in the years 2017 and 2019. Patients under the age of 15 years or without Excess Mortality Ratio-adjusted Injury Severity Score (EMR-ISS) data or having accidents on highways were excluded. Results: The total number of patients who visited ERs during the study periods was 91,506 and 14,806 in 2017 and 2019, respectively, and were included in our study. There were more fellow female passengers than male passengers during both the study periods: 5,559 in 2017 (67.9%) and 4,341 in 2019 (66.8%). Compared to 52.2% in 2017, the rate of wearing seatbelts increased to 54.5% in 2019. However, after adjusting for age, sex, use of ambulance, injury time, alcohol use, type of road, and counterpart, multivariate logistic regression revealed that compared to the 2017 group, the odds ratio of severe injuries in the 2019 group was 1.10 (95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.24). Conclusion Increased rate of wearing seatbelts after imposing the traffic law revision was not satisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to tighten regulations on fellow passengers without seat belts and improve awareness through public relations.

PURPOSE: To determine the usefulness of cerebral perfusion computed tomography (CT) in patients with acute cerebral ischemic infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients with acute middle cerebral artery infarction underwent conventional CT and cerebral perfusion CT within 25 hours of the onset of symptoms. For each patient, perfusion CT scans were obtained at the levels of the basal ganglia and 1 cm caudal to them. Using special imaging software, perfusion imaging maps for cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), and time to peak (TTP) were created, and the infarcted lesion was evaluated on each map. MTT and TTP delay times were measured in the perfusion defect lesion and symmetric contralateral normal cerebral hemisphere. Lesion size on each perfusion map was determined and compared with the value obtained by diffusionweighted MR imaging (DWMRI). RESULTS: In all patients, perfusion CT maps depicted the perfusion defect lesion, for which the MTT and TTP delay was remarkable. A comparison of lesion size between each perfusion map and DWMR images showed that the closest correlation involved CBF maps (8/12, 67%). On MTT maps, the lesion was larger than at DWMRI, suggesting that MTT mapping can be used to evaluate ischemic penumbra. CONCLUSION: Perfusion mapping facilitates the evaluation not only of the ischemic core and ischemic penumbra, but also of hemodynamic status in the area of the perfusion defect. This finding demonstrates that perfusion CT can be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute cerebral ischemic infarction.
Basal Ganglia ; Blood Volume ; Cerebrum ; Diagnosis ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Infarction* ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Perfusion Imaging ; Perfusion* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is well known that anti-platlet agents decrease the rate of subacute thrombosis after intracoronary stenting significantly. The aim of this study is to assess the antithrombotic effect and safety of 2-month combined regimen of cilostazol and aspirin on intracoronary stenting. METHODS: The study population consisted of 78 lesions of 57 patients (age: 58.1+/-10.3, male 47, female 10) with ischemic heart disease who were underwent successful intracoronary stenting. They were received cilostazol(200mg/day) and aspirin(100mg/day) two days before intracoronary stenting and continued for 8 weeks, and then aspirin was medicated continuously during the study. The laboratory and clinical findings were evaluated before cilostazol administration, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months after intervention. The excercise treadmill test was done at 6 months after intervention. RESULTS: Subacute thrombosis occurred in 2 patients(3.5%). Target lesion revascularization(TLR) was done in 4 patients(7.3%). Clinical restenosis (symptomatic or positive stress test, subacute thrombosis and TLR) occurred in 15 patients(26.3%). There was no granulocytopenia, or severe liver dysfunction. HDL-cholesterol was increased significantly at 2 months(36.6+/-7.4 mg/dl versus 41.6+/-9.3 mg/dl. p<0.01) and 6 months(36.6+/-7.4 mg/dl versus 42.4+/-10.6 mg/dl. p<0.01) follow up. CONCLUSION: Two-month combined regimen of cilostazol and aspirin was effective and safe after intracoronary stenting. Subacute thrombosis and clinical restenosis rate were comparable with pervious reports. Further large randomized trials are needed for the evaluation of favorable effect of cilostazol on lipid metabolism.
Agranulocytosis ; Aspirin* ; Exercise Test ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver Diseases ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Stents* ; Thrombosis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is well known that anti-platlet agents decrease the rate of subacute thrombosis after intracoronary stenting significantly. The aim of this study is to assess the antithrombotic effect and safety of 2-month combined regimen of cilostazol and aspirin on intracoronary stenting. METHODS: The study population consisted of 78 lesions of 57 patients (age: 58.1+/-10.3, male 47, female 10) with ischemic heart disease who were underwent successful intracoronary stenting. They were received cilostazol(200mg/day) and aspirin(100mg/day) two days before intracoronary stenting and continued for 8 weeks, and then aspirin was medicated continuously during the study. The laboratory and clinical findings were evaluated before cilostazol administration, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months after intervention. The excercise treadmill test was done at 6 months after intervention. RESULTS: Subacute thrombosis occurred in 2 patients(3.5%). Target lesion revascularization(TLR) was done in 4 patients(7.3%). Clinical restenosis (symptomatic or positive stress test, subacute thrombosis and TLR) occurred in 15 patients(26.3%). There was no granulocytopenia, or severe liver dysfunction. HDL-cholesterol was increased significantly at 2 months(36.6+/-7.4 mg/dl versus 41.6+/-9.3 mg/dl. p<0.01) and 6 months(36.6+/-7.4 mg/dl versus 42.4+/-10.6 mg/dl. p<0.01) follow up. CONCLUSION: Two-month combined regimen of cilostazol and aspirin was effective and safe after intracoronary stenting. Subacute thrombosis and clinical restenosis rate were comparable with pervious reports. Further large randomized trials are needed for the evaluation of favorable effect of cilostazol on lipid metabolism.
Agranulocytosis ; Aspirin* ; Exercise Test ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver Diseases ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Stents* ; Thrombosis