No abstract available.
Rhinoplasty* ; Transplants*

No abstract available.
Muscle, Smooth* ; Relaxation*

No abstract available.
Keloid*

No abstract available.
Optic Nerve Injuries* ; Optic Nerve*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Radiography* ; Spine*

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) refer to tumors originating from the islet of Langerhans and shows various prognosis based on the presence or absence of symptoms due to hormone secretion, the Ki-67 cell proliferation index, and the histologic grade, and according to the degree of disease progression defined by the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage classification. The purpose of medical treatment for PNET is to control symptoms or inhibit tumor growth. Somatostatin analogues can be administered for the purpose of controlling symptoms caused by the secretion of specific hormones, and are accepted as effective drugs for inhibiting the progression of G1/G2 tumors based on World Health Organization (WHO) classification with a Ki-67 cell proliferation index less than 20%. Among the molecularly targeted agents, everolimus and sunitinib can be considered in patients with WHO G1/G2 PNET showing progression after somatostatin analog therapy. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is generally administered to patients with large tumor volume and rapidly progressing metastatic NET, and etoposide/cisplatin combination therapy has been considered as a standard treatment. For the patient group of Grade 3 PNET (well differentiated) newly classified by the WHO 2017 classification, guidelines for standard treatment have not yet been established. As it has been reported, studies are needed to evaluate the treatment response rate of somatostatin analogues or molecularly targeted therapies for the patient with Grade 3 PNET. It is important to consider a multidisciplinary approach with all possible treatment options including medical treatment, radical resection of primary or metastatic lesions, liver-directed therapies, and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for the patients with PNET.

Germ cell tumors in children are rare but the predominent pathologic type is the yolk sac carcinoma. And there are no specific guidelines for the treatment of the young child with a testis tumor of the yolk sac or endodermal sinus type. Initial treatment of radical orchiectomy is not in question. However, because of its presumed less virulent character, especially in children less 2 years old, confusion remains As to adjunctive treatment for yolk sac carcinoma. Although chemotherapy is so effective its toxicity cannot be minimized. Therefore, adjunctive chemotherapy should be reserved for those patients who have lymphatic spread. Young children with yolk sac tumors are not immune to metastatic disease and, regardless of age, should be treated with retroperitoneal Iymphadenectomy for staging and appropriate treatment regimens. Herein we report two cases of yolk sac carcinomas in children treated with adjunctive chemotherapy and nerve sparing retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Therapy ; Endoderm ; Endodermal Sinus Tumor* ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision* ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ; Orchiectomy ; Testis* ; Yolk Sac*

The Scheimpflug photography was used to evauate objectively changes in lens opacity at a month interval in 143 eyes of 78 patients affected by early cataract. from Dec. 1993 to Dec. 1994. A total of 48 patients were treated daily with 1.5g bendazac-lysine, and 30 patients constituted the control group. We checked visual acuity and analyzed change of lens opacity by using axial densitometry and retroillumination of Scheimpflug photography after Bendaline(R) medication up to 9 months After treatment, improvement or no change of subjective visual acuity was observed in 65 eyes(78.3%) of treated group, whereas decrement in 35 eyes (58.3%) of control group. In the axial densitometry, the nuclear opacity began to improve after 3 months of medication and opacities of lens between anterior supranucleus and posterior capsule were statistically significant improved after 5 months of medication (p<0.05). There's no correlation in the change of opacity area under retroillumination (p>0.05). The result show that bendazac lysine may be effective in improvement of visual acuity and delay the formation of lens opacity in early cataract.
Cataract* ; Densitometry ; Humans ; Lysine ; Photography ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: The widespread use of intracorporeal prostaglandin E1 (PGE 1) injection for the treatment of erectile dysfunction has focused interest on the physiological functions of prostanoids with the mechanism of action. We investigated in vivo feline penile erectile and contractile responses to prostanoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Under the general anesthesia, 26 mature male cats were conditioned normoxia and hypoventilated hypoxia with ventilator in room air(PH: 7.14+/- 0.47, PO2: 25.52+/-5.89mmHg, PCO2: 74.27+/-10.86mmHg). Vasoactive substances were infused via internal pudendal artery and the changes of intracavernous pressure to vasoactive substances were monitored with physiograph under normoxia and hypoxia with acidosis. RESULTS: Under normoxia, PGE1 induced dose-dependent cavernous relaxation and PGE1 was more potent than papaverine but less than acetylcholine. PGE1- induced cavernous relaxation was blocked by the K+-channel blockers, tetraethylammonium(TEA) and 4-aminopyridine, in dose-dependent manner but was completely reversed by the K+-channel opener, pinacidil. Calcium ionophore, ionomycin(10-3M/0.2ml) prevented the cavernous relaxation by PGE1 under hypoxia(n=6, p<0.01). PGI2 showed minimal cavernous relaxation with tumescence. Thromboxane A2(TXA2) attenuated the acetylcholine-induced relaxation CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that PGE2 relax feline cavernous smooth muscle. But the mechanism of PGE2 on feline cavernosum should be elucidated by the receptor binding study. These results suggest that PGE2 induced smooth muscle relaxation by the opening of Maxi-K+ (Kca) channel and subsequent hyperpolarization. It would be followed by a reduced opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+-channel and subsequent decrease of intracellular Ca2+concentration.
4-Aminopyridine ; Acetylcholine ; Acidosis ; Alprostadil ; Anesthesia, General ; Animals ; Anoxia ; Arteries ; Calcium ; Cats ; Dinoprostone ; Epoprostenol ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth ; Papaverine ; Penile Erection* ; Pinacidil ; Prostaglandins* ; Relaxation ; Ventilators, Mechanical

PURPOSE: Currently available K+-channel openers are exclusively KATP channel openers. Among the KATP channel openers, minoxidil and diazoxide have been already used as antihypertensive agents clinically but their erectogenic activities have not been demonstrated. We performed this study to identify the effects of intracavernosal minoxidil and diazoxide on feline penile erection and also to compare that of pinacidil, relatively well-demonstrated K+-channel opener. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a feline model, the magnitude of penile erection caused by pinacidil was compared with that caused by minoxidil and diazoxide. With control erectile responses of intracavernosal PGE1 and papaverine, synergistic effects of erectogenic agents with KATP channel openers were also investigated in twenty-eight male cats in vivo. RESULTS: Intracavernosal injection of pinacidil increased intracavernosal pressure (ICP) in a dose-dependent fashion but minoxidil and diazoxide did not affect ICP significantly. Furthermore, pinacidil (10-5M/ml) enhanced the increase of ICP by PGE1 or papaverine but minoxidil and diazoxide did not. Noteworthy, pinacidil induced cavernous relaxation to the following erectogenic agents even in refractory cases to higher concentration (10-1M/ml) of erectogenic agent alone (n=7, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These result suggests that minoxidil and diazoxide, which have been used as antihypertensive agents clinically, do not affect intracavernosal pressure. Among the KATP channel openers, pinacidil seems to be promising in producing penile erection as an alternate component of previous intracavernous injection. Also, pinacidil may be useful clinically because of the potential therapeutic effects as an intracavernosal agents in combination with PGE1 or papaverine.
Alprostadil ; Animals ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Cats ; Diazoxide* ; Humans ; Male ; Minoxidil* ; Papaverine ; Penile Erection* ; Pinacidil* ; Relaxation