No abstract available.
Liver*

Schizophrenia is a devastating mental illness that can lead to deterioration in the social and occupational functioning of affected individuals with a major cost to society. A wide range of studies suggest a genetic component to the inheritance of schizophrenia. The molecular genetic studies on schizophrenia have been actively performed since late 1980s. In linkage studies, no loci were replicated across studies and there were no loci surpassing genome-wide significance. Candidate gene association studies showed generally inconsistent results and there were no enrichment of smaller P-values. In the GWAS era, the community has coalesced into large international consortia. The largest schizophrenia GWAS to date is 50,000 samples and efforts are ongoing to accumulate 50,000 cases and 50,000 controls as part of 'PGC2' collaboration. With the limitation of GWAS results, several alternatives are being explored. In genotyping, the concepts of allelic spectrum including from common polygenic to rare penetrant variation are emerging. Phenotypes include all phenomena beyond DNA. The developments in transcriptomic & proteomic approach and intensive research on endophenotype will bring crucial insights into the nature of schizophrenia in the future. But there still remains our task about research on many factors including environment that influence gene expression (epigenetics), age, and gender.
Cooperative Behavior ; DNA ; Endophenotypes ; Epigenomics ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Association Studies ; Molecular Biology ; Phenotype ; Schizophrenia ; Wills

No abstract available.
Autopsy* ; Cardiomyopathies* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn*

No abstract available.
Thioctic Acid*

In order to evaluate the radio-protective advantage of an enhanced dynamic wedge (EDW) over a physical wedge (PW), we measured peripheral doses scattered from both types of wedges using a 2D array of ion-chambers. A 2D array of ion-chambers was used for this purpose. In order to confirm the accuracy of the device, we first compared measured profiles of open fields with the profiles calculated by our commissioned treatment planning system. Then, we measured peripheral doses for the wedge angles of 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, and 60 degrees at source to surface distances (SSD) of 80 cm and 90 cm. The measured points were located at 0.5 cm depth from 1 cm to 5 cm outside of the field edge. In addition, the measurements were repeated by using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD). The peripheral doses of EDW were (1.4% to 11.9%) lower than those of PW (2.5% to 12.4%). At 15 MV energy, the average peripheral doses of both wedges were 2.9% higher than those at 6MV energy. At a small SSD (80 cm vs. 90 cm), peripheral dose differences were more recognizable. The average peripheral doses to the heel direction were 0.9% lower than those to the toe direction. The results from the TLD measurements confirmed these findings with similar tendency. Dynamic wedges can reduce unnecessary scattered doses to normal tissues outside of the field edge in many clinical situations. Such an advantage is more profound in the treatment of steeper wedge angles, and shorter SSD.
Heel ; Silver Sulfadiazine ; Toes

Because no effective curative approaches are available, cognitive rehabilitation in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are needed. In the types of cognitive rehabilitation, there are behavior-oriented approaches, emotion-oriented approaches, cognition-oriented approaches and stimulation-oriented approaches. The decline of cognitive and adaptive capacities associated with the progression of AD necessitates that different Cognitive rehabilitation programs are provided at different stage. In initial stages of AD, cognitionoriented approaches has centered on the enhancement of memory and speed of processing, with the goal of maximizing current function and reducing the risk of cognitive decline, while in more severe stages interventions such as stimulation-oriented approaches and Behavior-oriented approaches are used. Cognitive rehabilitation is always individually tailored, involving working on personal goals, often using external cognitive aids and with some use of learning strategies. A cognitive rehabilitation based on awareness of stages of AD provides the possibility of tailored treatments for many different patients.
Alzheimer Disease ; Humans ; Learning ; Memory

Delirium is a common and serious condition which is often under-detected and under-treated. This may be partly due to a lack of concensus regarding the definition of its subtypes. Subtypes of delirium may be explained according to different pathophysiologic mechanisms. Three subtypes (hyperactive, hypoactive, mixed) of delirium, based on arousal disturbance and psychomotor behavior have been identified. However, definitions may vary from author to author. Irrespective of the way delirium is diagnosed and the subtypes defined, the hypoactive subtype is more prevalent than the hyperactive. Despite this prevalence, a diagnosis of hypoactive delirium is often missed, and rather ismost frequently misdiagnosed as depression or dementia. The hypoactive delirium subtype may be less responsive to antipsychotic drug therapy than the hyperactive delirium subtype. Clinical subtypes of delirium may provide information concerning the etiology, the pathogenesis, and the prognosis of delirium, but also may have therapeutic consequences. There remains no consensus regarding the optimal classification system for delirium subtypes. More studies are needed to isolate two, three, or more delirium subtypes, in terms of predicting factors, outcome predictors, and therapeutic management.
Arousal ; Consensus ; Delirium ; Dementia ; Depression ; Prevalence ; Prognosis

No abstract available.
Common Variable Immunodeficiency* ; Cytomegalovirus Infections* ; Cytomegalovirus* ; Immune System Diseases

No abstract available.
Cytomegalovirus Infections*

A relationship between preceding acute paralytic poliomyelitis and the later development of motor neuron disease has only occasionally been suggested since it was first postulated by Charcot in 1875. The authors recently experienced a 20-year-old male who was considered to have postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy. We report this case in view of its rarity and necessity of differential diagnosis from other neuromuscular disorders. Clinical presentation included slowly progressive muscle wasting of left thigh for 4 years, mild weakness of left arm and both thigh, intermittent fasciculation, and previous history of acute paralytic poliomyelitis. Electromyographic findings showed fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves, fasciculations, giant motor unit potentials and reduced interference patterns. Muscle biopsy revealed scattered small angulated fibers, individual myofiber degeneration and mild inflammatory cell infiltration.
Arm ; Biopsy ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fasciculation ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Neuron Disease ; Poliomyelitis ; Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome* ; Thigh ; Young Adult