No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Joints*

No abstract available.
Academies and Institutes* ; Delivery of Health Care*

No abstract available.
Korea*

Ganglionic eminence initially appears as a slight swelling in the floor of the cerebral vesicle during the 5th fetal week and attains maximum prominence late in the 4th fetal month; it then declines in relative size, and nearly disappears after birth. The ganglionic eminence constitutes a collection of the proliferating cells throughout most of span of gestation and supply neuroblasts and spongioblasts to basal ganglia and pulvinar region of thalamus and cerebral cortex. Nowadays intraventricular hemorrhage predominantly occurs in preterm infants of less than 32 weeks gestational age, and the intraventricular hemorrhage arises most frequently from rupture of a ganglionic eminence hemorrhage is equally frequent in both hemispheres and is associated with an extensive destruction of the capillary bed without arterial or venous rupture. Although fibrin thrombi are seen within veins in relation to ruptures at the capillary vein junction, the other study reveals little or no fibrin is to be seen within the ganglionic eminence hemorrhage presumably due to the high fibrinolytic activity within this region of the immature brain. Accordingly this study was planned to evaluate the ganglionic eminence of fetal brain in two aspects, i.e., morphological development of ganglionic eminence during gestation and functional maturation by measuring fibrinolytic activity of various portions of developing brains. To evaluate the development of ganglionic eminence a total of 97 brains of Korean fetuses of gestational ages ranging from 16 to 37 weeks, was studied; 62 for morphological study and 35 for functional study. The fetuses were products of therapeutic abortions, and were proved to be normal after complete examination of fetuses and placentas. The brains were removed as soon as possible after delivery, and were fixed in 10% formalin for 1 to 2 weeks before being examined. Representative blocks containing white matte around lateral ventricle, ganglionic eminence, caudate nucleus and thalamus on the serial coronal sections. Through routine histological procedure, slides were made and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopical examination of the ganglionic eminence and striatum. The fibrionlytic activity of the tissue was measured by fibrin plate method of Astrup and Albrechtsen and the amount of lysis expressed as area/mg of wet tissues. As controls comparable aliquots of 2M potassium thiocyanate or saline alone had no fibrinolytic activity. To detect the in vivo fibrinolysis, fibrin and/or fibrinogen degradation product, staphylococcal clumping tests for the tissue extracts were performed. Following results were obtained. 1) The ganglionic eminence was well formed and located at the lateral side of terminal vein and over the caudate nucleus and protruded into the lateral ventricle. 2) The thickness of the ganglionic eminence is reached to maximum width by 20th week of gestation and is shown a progressive reduction till 30th week, and revealed sharp reduction after 31th week of gestation and became no longer recognizable after 37th week of gestation. 3) The ependymal layer was most thickened at 16~19th week of gestation, showing 6~8 layers with numerous mitoses and declined to 2~3 layers at 28~31th week of gestation and no more mitosis was found. 4) The distribution of capillary beds were most pronounced at 16~19th week of gestation and the permeation of the capillaries to the ependymal zone and decreased in number after 20th week of gestation. The medium sized, well developed veins were demonstrable at the junction of ganglionic eminence and caudate nucleus from 24th week of gestation. 5) The fibrinolytic activity of the choroid plexus and leptomeninges were significantly increased than the other areas(p<0.005) and there was no evidence of gestational changes. 6) The fibrinolytic activity of the ganglionic eminence was no more pronounced than those of cerebral cortex, periventricular white matter, cerebellum and spinal cord.
Infant ; Male ; Female ; Humans

Cystic hygroma is a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system appearing single or multiloculated fluid-filled cavities, most often around the neck. They often progress to hydrops and cause fetal death, and frequently associated with chromosomal abnormalities and other congenital malformations. The purpose of our study is to delineate the nature of cystic hygroma and determine the relationship between cystic hygroma and associated anomalies including fetal hydrops. We used data from 26 cases of cervical cystic hygroma in autopsy files of SNU Children's Hospital. Most of cystic hygroma were found in stillborn or premature infants. The fetal cases had been dead for a quite a long period since there was discrepancy between the true gestational age and the developmental age estimated from the body length. Of 26 fetuses only 2 were studied chromosomally and both of them showed 45X. Of 26 cystic hygromas 23 occurred in the posterior neck and 3 in the anterior neck. They ranged from 2.5 to 14 cm (mean: 7.9 cm). The cystic hygroma of the posterior neck consisted of two symmetric sacs on both sides and in the nape and extended to the occipital region. The cystic hygromas of the anterior neck were unilateral or bilateral, and multiloculated and extended into the adjacent cheek. Cystic hygromas of posterior neck were always associated with hydrops, while no recognizable hydrops was found in cystic hygromas of anterior neck. The cystic hygromas were larger in patients with severe hydrops than in patients with less severe hydrops. Associated abnormalities, found in 88%, included hydrops fetalis(88%), growth retardation(80%), cardiovascular anomalies(27%), horseshoe kidney(23%), skeletal anomalies(12%) and hypoxic changes(31%) in visceral organs. In summary, when a hygroma is detected during fetal life, careful sonographic examination for associated congenital anomalies, fetal karyotyping and consideration of artificial abortion are indicated.
Autopsy* ; Cheek ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Edema ; Fetal Death ; Fetus ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Hydrops Fetalis ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Karyotyping ; Lymphangioma, Cystic* ; Lymphatic System ; Neck* ; Turner Syndrome ; Ultrasonography

Solitary intrapulmonary cystic lymphangioma in newborn or infant is an extremely rare disease. We describe a case of solitary intrapulmonary cystic lymphangioma in a 4-month-old boy with dyspnea and tachypnea. It was in the left lower lobe and type 1 congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation was suspected radiologically. The resected cyst was unilocular with a thin wall, and was 9.5cm in size. Histologically, the cyst was lined by flattened endothelial cells supported by a minimal fibrous stroma.
Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital ; Dyspnea ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Lung ; Lymphangioma, Cystic* ; Male ; Rare Diseases ; Tachypnea

No abstract available.
Transposition of Great Vessels*

No abstract available.
Tuberculosis*

No abstract available.
Mitral Valve Stenosis* ; Pulmonary Infarction*