INTRODUCTIONAtherothrombosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality. The Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry provided information on atherosclerosis risk factors and treatment. Singapore was one of the 44 participating countries in the REACH Registry. The objective of this study was to determine the atherosclerosis risk factor profile and treatment patterns in Singapore patients enrolled in the REACH Registry.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe REACH Registry is an international prospective observational registry of subjects with or at risk for atherothrombosis. Patients aged 45 years or older with established vascular disease [coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), peripheral arterial disease (PAD)] or 3 or more atherosclerosis risk factors were recruited between 2003 and 2004.

RESULTSA total of 881 patients (64.4% male) were recruited in Singapore by 63 physicians. The mean age was 64 +/- 9.8 years (range, 45 to 95). Seven hundred and one (79.6%) patients were symptomatic (CAD 430, CVD 321, PAD 72) while 180 (20.4%) patients had > or =3 risk factors. Approximately 13% of symptomatic patients had symptomatic polyvascular disease. There was a high proportion of diabetes mellitus (57%), hypertension (80.6%) and hypercholesterolemia (80.1%). A substantial proportion of symptomatic patients were current smokers (14.1%). Approximately half of the patients were either overweight or obese [abdominal obesity, 54.3%; body mass index (BMI) 23-27.5, 45.9%; BMI > or =27.5, 23.3%]. Patients were undertreated with antiplatelet agents (71.9% overall; range, 23.9% for > or =3 risk factors to 84.7% for PAD) and statins (76.2% overall; range, 73.6% for PAD to 82.1% for CAD). Risk factors remained suboptimally controlled with a significant proportion of patients with elevated blood pressure (59.4% for > or =3 risk factors and 48.6% for symptomatic patients), elevated cholesterol (40% for > or =3 risk factors and 24.4% for symptomatic patients) and elevated blood glucose (45% for > or =3 risk factors and 19.8% for symptomatic patients).

CONCLUSIONEstablished atherosclerosis risk factors are common in Singapore patients in the REACH Registry; and obesity is a major problem. Most of these risk factors remained suboptimally controlled.

Aged ; Atherosclerosis ; epidemiology ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Registries ; Risk Factors ; Singapore ; epidemiology

INTRODUCTIONPrimary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery capability, despite receiving only a class IIb recommendation in the ACC/AHA practice guidelines, can be performed effectively and safely. We reviewed the fi rst 3 years of our experience.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThis is a retrospective single centre review of all patients receiving primary PCI for STEMI between 2003 and 2005. Demographic, procedural and outcome data were analysed.

RESULTSThere were 259 patients who underwent primary PCI. The mean age was 55.3 +/- 12.3 years. Median door-to-balloon time was 97.5 minutes and 45.2% and 52.9% had anterior and inferior STEMI, respectively. The majority of patients presented with Killip class I (87.6%); however, 5.8% were in Killip class IV. Single vessel disease was found in 47.1%. Angiographic PCI success (defined as residual stenosis <50% with TIMI 3 fl ow) was achieved in 89.1%. Usage of stents, distal protection and aspiration devices were 97.2%, 27.8% and 34.1 %, respectively; 9.3% required intra-aortic balloon pump insertion. No patients required transfer for emergency coronary bypass surgery as a result of PCI complications. Post-PCI ST resolution >50% was achieved in 80.6%. The mean post-infarct left ventricular ejection fraction was 44.1%. In-hospital, 30-day, 6-month and 1-year mortality rates were 2%, 2.8%, 4.0% and 4.8%, respectively. Clinically driven target lesion revascularisation rate was 2.8% at 1 year.

CONCLUSIONSOur results are comparable to those from on-site surgical centres. This supports the feasibility and safety of primary PCI in cardiac centres without on-site cardiac surgery.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; Female ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction ; therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors