Minor variations in the ossicles, foramina and ridges of the cranium have aroused the curiosity of anatomists for many decades. These non-metric variants help us to study the genetic relationships among ancient populations. Since these traits show considerable frequency differences in different populations, they can be used as anthropological characters in epidemiological studies. These variants indirectly reflect the part of underlying genotype of a given population thus implying their usefulness in biological comparisons of related groups. They can be used for the assessment of the existence of the parental structures within a community or as taxonomic indicators. For anthropological studies, the traits should be genetically determined, vary in frequency between different populations and should not show age, sex, and side dependency. The present study was conducted on hundred dry adult human skulls from Northern India. They were sexed and studied for the presence of hyperostotic traits (double hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen bridging, and paracondylar process). Sexual and side dimorphism was observed. None of the traits had shown statistically significant side and sexual dimorphism. Since the dimorphism is exhibited by none of them, it can be postulated that these traits are predominantly under genetic control and can be effectively used for population studies.
Adult ; Anatomists ; Anthropology ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Exploratory Behavior ; Genotype ; Humans ; India ; Parents ; Skull

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study.PURPOSE: To compare clonidine and pregabalin with placebo for the attenuation of postoperative pain after thoracolumbar spinal surgery and instrumentationOVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Spine surgery is associated with moderate to severe postoperative pain that needs to be controlled to improve patient’s outcome. Alpha 2 agonists (e.g., clonidine) and gabapentenoids (e.g., pregabalin) are successfully used as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen.METHODS: Total 75 patients were enrolled and randomly allocated into three groups. Group P received pregabalin (150 mg), group C received clonidine (150 mcg), and group N received placebo 90 minutes preoperatively. A standard anesthesia protocol comprising fentanyl, thiopentone, vecuronium, nitrous oxide, and oxygen in isoflurane was used for all patients. Postoperative recovery profile, pain, time for first analgesic, 24-hour analgesic requirement, sedation, and hemodynamic parameters were noted.RESULTS: Recovery profile was similar in all three groups; however, the patients in group P and C were more sedated (p<0.05). Group N patients had a higher Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score (p<0.05) and the time for first analgesic was also lower (p=0.02). Postoperative (24-hour) analgesic requirement was maximum in group N, followed by that in group C and group P. The VAS score was highest in the control group; however, after 12 hours, it was similar in all groups.CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative pain and analgesic requirement is significantly attenuated by preoperative administration of a single dose of clonidine (150 mcg) or pregabalin (150 mg); pregabalin was more effective. Thus, their use offers a reasonable strategy for pain management in patients undergoing spine surgery.
Analgesics ; Anesthesia ; Clonidine ; Fentanyl ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Pain Management ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pregabalin ; Prospective Studies ; Spine ; Thiopental ; Vecuronium Bromide ; Visual Analog Scale

An RT-PCR assay detected the t(4;11) translocation in two infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Case P76 was a 10-month-old, female infant, who presented with a WBC of 137.4 x 10(9)/l and a pre-pre-B ALL immunophenotype. Case P120 was a 6-month-old female infant, with a WBC > 615 x 10(9)/l and a pre-pre-B ALL immunophenotype. RT-PCR of cDNA from both these cases generated a 656 bp and a 542 bp respectively, which sequencing confirmed as t(4;11) fusion transcripts. The primers and conditions selected for this assay are compatible with a one-step multiplex PCR for the main translocations in childhood ALL.
Lower case tea ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Acute ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; L ; Lower case ecks