We developed a program to generate scenarios of pathological changes for problem-based learning (PBL) in a physical assessment workshop using the patient simulator, "Physiko^®”. With these programs, PBL-style case experiencing also became possible by actually performing physical assessment on “Physiko^®” using a stethoscope while presenting information such as the patient background. The results of a survey conducted during the physical assessment workshop showed that participants were significantly interested in simulation-based education. However, the results also revealed a lack of understanding of technical terms used in physical assessment, suggesting the need to urgently facilitate not only the acquisition of basic skills to monitor vital signs but also that of symptomatology knowledge in order to understand technical terms and pathological characteristics.

In cancer chemotherapy, it is very important to take into account the patient’s background. In recent years, a simple suspension method has attracted increased attention as a method that prevents changes in the stability and safety of various drugs. However, of 135 oral anticancer drugs, only 28 have been examined using this method, as of April 2013. In this study, we carefully investigated whether 53 oral anticancer drugs could be adapted to the simple suspension method, except for the 28 drugs that had already been previously reported. The results showed that most of these oral anticancer drugs could be adapted to the simple suspension method. Of seven drugs that were not adapted, six were generic drugs. In addition, it was clear that the evaluation of bicalutamide tablets was significantly different from our expected results. In conclusion, we were able to qualitatively assess all 53 oral anticancer drugs. This is equivalent to half of 107 untested drugs. These results provide useful information to cancer patients using oral anticancer drugs prepared using the simple suspension method.

Generally, the adults can manage their own medications of prescribed drugs. However, medication assistance may be required in the elderly. The family plays a medication assistance, in home, which is afraid to be a burden on the family. In this study, we performed questionnaire survey to caregiver using our day-service center so that we study the actual situation of the medication assistance. From the result of the survey, 64% of caregivers were older than 60 years old. Sixty six percents of caregivers felt some kind of burdens for management of medicine, and 70% felt a burden for medication assistances. The multiple regression analysis showed that “the burden about management of the medicine” and “the degree of medication assistances” significantly affected a sense of the burden about medication assistances (p<0.01). In addition, from the free comment on the questionnaire, it was considered that some caregivers foster a sense of the burden about medication assistances by their strong sense of mission. From these results, it is shown that many caregivers felt a burden on medication assistance. It is suggested that the intervention of pharmacists can be reduce the burden of medication assistance.

As of 2011, about 12.8 million people in Japan had osteoporosis, which is a social issue in that it increases the number of patients who are bedridden or require residential care and its poor prognosis increases the mortality rate. We delivered a presentation on osteoporosis prevention to residents;the presentation consisted of ultrasound bone densitometry readings followed by a slide show, based on the readings. This report summarizes the presentation and considers whether it was effective in enhancing awareness of osteoporosis. The presentation was given to 39 residents, who were asked to complete a questionnaire before and after it. Of the 31 female respondents, 16.1 percent had bone density in the “low or caution” range;for all eight male respondents, it was “sufficient” or “average.” After the presentation, over 90 percent of respondents selected “agree” or “slightly agree” in response to the statements “I want to have regular exercise and participate in sports,” “I want to eat nutritionally sound meals,” and “understanding one’s bone density is useful for the prevention of osteoporosis.” In addition, 97.4 percent of the residents responded that the lecture was “useful” or “somewhat useful,” and 94.9 percent indicated satisfaction with it. The presentation was considered to be useful in enhancing residents’ awareness of osteoporosis.

In this paper, I propose to look at the separation of prescription and dispensing in Japan（Iyakubungyo）from the point of view of social science and aim to clarify factors of promotion of Iyakubungyo. Today, the separation rate reached over 60%, and it shows Iyakubungyo comes into a common system. However the system has not been judged socially, because there is no paper about the social evaluation of Iyakubungyo while there are some papers about the factors of the satisfaction of patients. There are some investigations of how to promote Iyakubungyo, but no investigations of why. I will figure out factors of promotion of the separation of prescription and dispensing in Japan by verifying two policies, “the divorce between things and technique” and “proper use of pharmaceutical products”. A change of these policies makes the change of contents and rates of Iyakubungyo. By showing the possibility that the two policies were the factors of the development of Iyakubungyo, we can get a hint for finding the pharmacists’ function in social.

We conducted a questionnaire survey involving 270 interns in the year 2011 at the pharmaceutical department of Teikyo University, in order to clarify pre- to post-practical training changes in: 1) the degree of pre-clinical training’s usefulness, 2) desired workplace in the future, 3) degree of satisfaction, 4) confidence degree of practical training, etc. The degree of pre-clinical training’s usefulness exceeded 80% in all training periods. Regarding the desired workplace in the future, a large proportion of students answered that they want to become a pharmacist in a pharmacy or hospital, both before and after their practical training in all training periods. Also, it was estimated that students decide their career with reference to their practical training experience. In terms of the degree of satisfaction with practical training, the proportions of those who answered “Satisfied” or “Somewhat satisfied” were: 95.1% in the 1st, 95.6% in the 2nd, and 86.1% in the 3rd periods. The confidence degree significantly increased after practical training in all periods. Because the confidence degree showed a tendency to be higher before the 3rd period of training compared to the other two periods, it was considered that students’ experience of practical training led to increased confidence degree. Regarding communication abilities, the degrees of before-after confidence degree and pre-clinical training’s usefulness were low, and, hence, it was suggested that pre-clinical training needs to be further improved regarding these areas.

The Medication Guides for Patients (MGPs) are being offered as information on prescription drugs for patients by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). The MHLW published the Risk Management Plan in April, 2012, and it noted that the MGPs should be utilized in usual risk minimization activities. It is not clear, however, whether the MGPs are efficiently utilized in actual settings. Hence, we conducted a questionnaire survey of the pharmacists in the pharmacies with dispensing and the hospitals in Mie and Yamagata prefectures to investigate the actual circumstances of MGPs utilization and to understand the existing barriers associated with the use of the MGPs as medication instructions for patients. We sent the questionnaires by mail and obtained responses from 444 facilities (33.9%) of 1,309 facilities. The recognition level of the MGPs was about 30 percent in the dispensing pharmacies, and about 50 percent in the hospitals. The MGPs were utilized as a common communication tool with the patients in approximately 20 percent of the facilities. Many respondents requested that the frequency of important and other adverse reactions should be described in the MGPs, and wider ranges of MGPs should be further implemented.
Moreover, our data suggests the problem is that the present MGPs are mainly applied to special types of patients, such as those with higher literacy level or those who requested a detailed explanation. Thus, it is apparent that it is necessary to review the MGPs contents again to improve their practical benefits and disseminate them more widely.

Aim:To examine any relations of workload and outcomes of pharmacists’ home visiting service for medication management and guidance. Survey Target:Managing pharmacists and home-visiting pharmacists from community pharmacies of the Osaka Pharmaceutical Association’s Yao and Toyonaka branches as of March, 2012. Methods:Survey forms regarding drug management and guidance at patients’ homes were mailed, requesting mail or online response. Workload indexes were visit frequency and work time on site. The relation of workload and its outcomes was examined using univariate analysis regarding three items:change in unused medication amount;detection of side effects during visits;change in prescription. SPSS ver. 20 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. Results:90 of 201 pharmacies responded (collection rate 44.8%), and 110 home patients’ data were analyzed. 5-to-15-minute actual work time scored highest (57.4%), followed by less than 5 minutes and 15 to 30 minutes, both at 21.3%. Visit frequency of twice a month scored highest (70.4%), followed by once a week (19.4%), once a month (7.4%), and once in more than one month (2.8%). 5-minute or longer patient visits had a tendency of higher percentage of patients whose unused medication decreased after visits started than less-than-5-minute visits (P=0.072). “Once a week” visits had a tendency of higher percentage of pharmacists detecting side effects than less frequent visits (P=0.061) and changing in prescription (P=0.085). Conclusion:The results above implied the relationship between workload and outcomes incurred by pharmacists’ home visits for medication safety management and guidance.

Objective : By extracting and modeling the component factors that community pharmacists have for “YARIGAI”—a Japanese colloquial expression commonly defined as “something worthwhile doing”—and by re-defining “YARIGAI,” we sought to help improve the quality of work lives of community pharmacists. Methods : All of 139 employee pharmacists participated in a workshop of the COMPASS Project (May 2011) were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. Responses were collected on the scene. The seventeen, 6-point-scale questions focused on the “patient-pharmacist relationship,” which may be related to “YARIGAI.” Then “YARIGAI” factors were extracted using factor analysis, and modeled using covariance structure analysis. IBM SPSS (ver. 20) and Amos 5.0J were used for the analyses. Results : To the item “I feel ‘YARIGAI’ with pharmacy work,” 12.2% of the 139 respondents said, “Strongly agree”, followed by “Agree” (41.0%) and “Somewhat agree” (33.8%). A factor analysis extracted three factors related to “YARIGAI” (knowledge, patient counseling management, and sense of personal growth). After modeling (AGFI : 0.903, RMSEA : 0.048) with these factors as latent variables and items in them as observable variables, a positive correlation was indicated for all the following factor pairs : “knowledge” and “patient counseling management”, “knowledge” and “sense of personal growth”, and “sense of personal growth” and “patient counseling management” (standardized points of estimate : 0.71, 0.55, and 0.42, respectively). Standardized coefficients for all latent and observable variables were 0.7 or higher, showing a good fit. Conclusion : “YARIGAI” of pharmacists employed by community pharmacies can consist of “knowledge,” “patient counseling management,” and “sense of personal growth”. Our results suggest that the improvement of communication skills and knowledge can lead to improvement of “YARIGAI” of pharmacists working for community pharmacies.