PURPOSE: This is to evaluate the clinical results and radiologic changes of the mandibular condyle fractures following the open reduction and fixation using the Lag-screws introduced by Eckelt and Martin Co. MATERIALS & METHODS: Ten patients who had been treated by the Lag-screw fixation for the unilateral fracture of the mandibular condyle at the high level and followed up for over 6 months(ranged from 24 weeks to 33 weeks). The incisal opening by time elapsed, displacement of the fragments, bone resorption around the Lag-screws, operating time consumed, and untoward complications were evaluated. The data were tested by repeated measure ANOVA and paired t-test. RESULTS: The maximum mouth opening was increased by time as follows ; 20.2+/-2.8mm soon after reduction. 26.3+/-3.9 at the 2nd week, 37.7+/-4.2mm at the 4th week, 44.4+/-4.3mm in PO 2 months(P<0.05). The bone resorption at anterior to lag-screw nut was measured to 1.9+/-1.0mm, while the posterior resorption was 2.6+/-1.9mm on average(P<0.05). Reduction and fixation of the fragments by Lag-screw were done within 80 minutes including the skin closure. The clicking sound of the TMJ(40%), weakness of the marginal branch(60%) were complicated but transient for 4-8weeks. There were no signs of bony displacement, but loosening of screws were observed at the time of removal. CONCLUSION: Open reduction and fixation with condylar Lag-screw(Martin co., Germany) thru the ramus can be a good option to reduce the high level(Kruger's Level III & IV) fracture of the mandibular condyle with anterior or medial displacement. However, this procedure requires 2nd surgery to remove the devices and it may complicate improper reduction for delayed fractures and in case of 's' curved mandibular ramus.
Bone Resorption ; Humans ; Mandibular Condyle* ; Mouth ; Nuts ; Prognosis* ; Skin

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A precise osteotomy is a requirement for successful rhinoplasty. Osteotomy in rhinoplasty is frequently performed via intranasal route through vestibular incision or can be performed by percutaneous approach. The latter has never been reported in the domestic journal. Thus, we aimed to evaluate in this study the usefulness of rhinoplasty using percutaneous osteotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The pateints age ranged from 19 to 38 years. Surgeries were performed on 6 cases who underwent rhinoplasty during the period of October 1999 to February 2000. Osteotomy via external approach was used with the aid of a sharp, straight 2 mm osteotome. RESULT: Irregularity, scoliosis, and broadness of nasal bony pyramid in the study subjects were successfully corrected using percutaneous osteotomy. During the procedure, hemomhage was minimal. Postoperatively, ecchymosis and edema was negligible and scarring was barely perceptible. However, one female patient who have fair complexion complained of osteotomy scar. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the percutaneous osteotomy may be used as a good alternative for the osteotomy approach but must used in judicious manner because of osteotomy scar.
Cicatrix ; Ecchymosis ; Edema ; Female ; Humans ; Osteotomy* ; Rhinoplasty* ; Scoliosis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Subjects with nasal septal deviation (NSD) are commonly confronted with mucosal hypertrophy of the concave side of nasal cavity. Previous studies have characterized response to exercise in healthy subjects and in subjects with rhinitis, but such studies are not yet done in subjects with NSD. In this research, by using acoustic rhinometry, we aimed to investigate the nasal response to exercise in subjects with nasal septal deviation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acoustic rhinometric measurements of the cross sectional areas (CSA) at 3.3, 4.0, and 6.4 cm from the nostril, and nasal volume were taken in 10 subjects with NSD. The consecutive acoustic rhinometric measurements were undertaken just before and immediately after, and 10, 20, and 30 minutes after treadmill exercise. RESULTS: In nasal cavities showing compensatory hypertrophy, nasal volume and CSA at 3.3 cm and 6.4 cm from the nostril showed significant increase in immediate post- exercises and 10-minute post-exercise measurements when compared with baseline measurements. At 4.0 cm from the nostril, the increase in CSA was significant until the 20-minute post-exercise measurement in the hypertrophied side. However, in contralateral nasal cavities, exercise did not result in significant changes when compared with the base line measurement, except for the immediate post-exercise measurement at the point of 4 cm from the nostril. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that the mucosal response to exercise was pronounced in concave nasal cavities in subjects with NSD. By contrast, in the convex nasal cavities, the mucosal response was very weak in terms of nasal patency.
Acoustics ; Exercise ; Hypertrophy ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Septum ; Rhinitis ; Rhinometry, Acoustic

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among blood glucose, HbA1c, and self management comparing these with general and illness characteristics of subjects with Type II Diabetes living in the community. METHODS: Using a comprehensive survey developed for the study, data were collected from 82 type II diabetes patients who were registered at five community health departments. The variables of self management, blood glucose and HbA1c were assessed by nurses. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics including t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient to compare self management and level of HbA1c by subject's general and illness characteristics and to examine the relationships among variables. RESULTS: About 73.2% of the subjects' HbA1c were 7.0% or higher and 54.9% of subjects' blood glucose were 200 mg/dL or higher. The level of self management was moderate. Most frequently perceived reasons for failure of blood glucose control were dietary failure (32.9%). There was significant relationship between self management and HbA1c(r=-.223, p=.040). The mean score of self management were higher among female (t=-2.37, p=.021), who are not on diabetes medication (t=6.70, p=.011). CONCLUSION: Comprehensive intervention is needed to improve dietary self management, especially for male and those who is on diabetes medication.
Blood Glucose ; Chronic Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Self Care

PURPOSE: While the rate of breast-feeding has been rising recently in many countries, it has been gradually falling in Korea. Accordingly, we took a survey in Jeon-ju to discover the actual state of breast-feeding and find a solution. METHODS: Eight hundred and sixty-four questionnaires of filled out by mothers who visited the seven local pediatric clinics and the clinic of pediatric department in the Presbyterian Medical Center(PMC) in Jeon-ju from January 1998 to June 1998 were analysed by ANOVA, cross analysis, frequency analysis and correlation analysis using SPSS program. RESULTS: In the case of six-months-old babies, the breast-feeding rate was 35.6%. The breast-feeding rate was higher when it came to a normal delivery, and was also related to the inperiority of infant birth order and lack of maternal academic background(P<0.05). The main reasons to switch from successful breast-feeding to formula-feeding before 6 months of age were insufficient breast-milk(49.3%). The survey shows the best thing for a infant's health is breast milk (86.0%). CONCLUSION: In order to increase the rate of breast-feeding, it's essential to educate people in school and it is necessary to create a hospital environment in which mothers can easily begin breast-feeding as soon as possible after delivery.
Birth Order ; Humans ; Infant ; Jeollabuk-do* ; Korea ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Protestantism ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Though people occupationally exposed to machineries and automation in the industrialized society desire work involving decreased strength, due to the continuous and repetitive activities, a new industrial stress is present. Studies on prevalence of musculoskeletal disease and their related risk factors have evolved. In this study in relation to work tasks, we investigated the differences in musculoskeletal symptoms occurring in each body region. The results of the survey were as follows. 1. When comparing age, level of education, work duration, job satisfaction and leisure time activities according to work risk, age in control group was 32.83+/-5.5, in comparison to the other 2 groups was smaller(p<0.05), and level of education in control group was higher(p<0.05) Work duration in the cutting department as 8.04+/-4.99 years longer than the other 2 groups(p<0.05), but there was no difference in the job satisfaction and leisure time activities. 2. The mean of symptom scores of each work task was 1.54 in the cutting department, 1.57 in the press department and 1.59 in the control group, and there was no significant difference in the 3 groups. The mean of symptom scores for upper extremities in the control group was low but mo statistically significant difference was shown. 3. When comparing the mean of symptom score according to work task in the each body region, in the shoulder region, the symptom score in the press department which desired strength was higher than the other 2 groups but no significant difference was shown. In the wrist region the cutting department scored 1.01 and in comparison to the other 2 groups was significantly increased(p<0.05). 4. The results of the univariate regression analysis on the major individual risk factors associated with musculoskeletal symptom relating work showed that previous symptom complaints in the same body region was significant risk factor(p<0.001) in the whole body, Besides wrist, hip, and knee, psychological problem was shown to be a significant factor(p<0.05). And the body regions which work task was significant risk factor were wrist and neck region(p<0.05). 5. The results of the multiple regression analysis involving significant factors of each body region from the unfavorite regression analysis showed that previous symptom shoulder, elbow and lumbar region(p<0.001) and psychological problem in the shoulder, elbow and lumbar region(p<0.05) were significant factors, and work task was significant factor in the wrist(p<0.05).
Automation ; Body Regions ; Education ; Elbow ; Hip ; Job Satisfaction ; Knee ; Leisure Activities ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Neck ; Occupations ; Prevalence* ; Risk Factors ; Shoulder ; Upper Extremity ; Wrist

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to suggest agenda priorities for nursing service R&D (Research and Development) related policies development. METHODS: Two steps in developing the agendas and priorities were performed in this descriptive study. First, nursing service R&D agendas were extracted through needs assessment of nursing researchers and practitioners. Then, the priority of agendas was set by Analytic Hierarchy Process by ten experts who were representatives of nursing and other healthcare professionals. RESULTS: Six core areas and forty-six nursing service R&D agendas were developed. The priority of agendas was different according to the evaluation criteria depending on weight value of nursing services. CONCLUSION: In order to select and promote nursing service R&D projects within national healthcare policy, nursing service R&D policy should be proposed with consideration to the importance of the criteria in reflecting characteristics of nursing care. By strengthening R&D capabilities for quality improvement and sensitive awareness of national directions for healthcare R&D policies, nursing service R&D can be appropriately promoted.
Delivery of Health Care ; Needs Assessment ; Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Nursing Research ; Nursing Services* ; Quality Improvement

The present study was performed to assess the fertility of frozen-thawed dog semen prepared by freezing with 6% glycerol and thawing at 70degrees C for 8 sec, and to evaluate the least number of post-thaw spermatozoa necessary to achieve pregnancy by intrauterine or intratubal artificial insemination. It was found that the pregnancy rate of intrauterine artificial insemination was 100% using 6% glycerol buffer and thawing at 70degrees C for 8 sec with 5 x 10(7) spermatozoa. Even though the pregnancy rate (80%) and the whelping rate (24.5%) in the 5 x 10(6) spermatozoa inseminated group were lower than those of the 5 x 10(7) spermatozoa group, conception was confirmed with 5 x 10(6) spermatozoa. Although the pregnancy rate of intratubal insemination was low (20%) with 4 x 10(6) spermatozoa, this study is the first report to show the pregnancy rate of intratubal insemination with frozen-thawed ejaculated canine semen. In order to improve the pregnancy rate with intratubal insemination of canine spermatozoa, it is necessary to investigate the optimal insemination site of the uterine tube, the appropriate number of sperm, and the direct effect of buffer on oocytes.
Animals ; Cryopreservation/methods/*veterinary ; Dogs/*physiology ; Female ; Fertility/*physiology ; Glycerol ; Insemination, Artificial/methods/*veterinary ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Semen/*physiology ; Semen Preservation/methods/*veterinary ; Temperature ; Time Factors

The aquatic quality of the Naktong river after two of three months in June, 1991 with phenol spillage from a electrical factory in Kumi was investigated. The samples were collected at six sites of the Naktong river basin and Kachang and Kongsan lakes. Phenol was not detected from all water samples. Turbidity was very much increased to the down stream in the Naktong river. The BOD and COD values exceeded the 2nd grade(3 mg/l) of the Korean standard quality of Environmental Water Act at the all sampling sites of the Naktong river. Especially, the value of COD at Kaejin (12.5 mg/l) was poorly classified as to the 5th grade of water class for the environmental quality standards. Organophosphorous pesticides such as parathion, malathion, fenitrothion and diazinon were investigated but not detected. Diazinon was only detected at the Ilson bridge(1.42 ppb), Okkye stream(6.95 ppb), Waekwan bridge(0.32 ppb), Gangjung reservior(0.13 ppb), Kaejin(0.05 ppb). Of the carbamates such as carbanyl, isoprocarb and cabofuran, the carbofuran was detected all sites except tap water, and Kachang and Kongsan lakes. The content of heavy metals such ans Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Hg were not exceeding for drinking water standards at the all sampling region, but only mecury was detected from Okkye stream(0.018ppb) and Kaejin(0.09ppb). In the regions of Kachang and Kongsan lakes, the content of heavy metals were lower than that of reservoir of Naktong river.
Carbamates ; Carbofuran ; Diazinon ; Drinking Water ; Fenitrothion ; Gyeongsangbuk-do* ; Korea* ; Lakes ; Malathion ; Metals, Heavy ; Parathion ; Pesticides ; Phenol* ; Rivers* ; Water ; Water Quality

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to look at prevalences of abnormal serum aminotransferase levels and abnormal serum total cholesterol levels among adolescents with obesity in Seoul area. METHODS: Body mass index[BMI(kg/m2)], serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST) alanine aminotransferase(ALT), and total cholesterol levels were measured in 26,876 adolescents(male : 13,287, female : 13,589) of first grade of high school in Seoul between the ages of 15 and 16 years, enrolled in a large health examination survey by Seoul School Health Center(SSHC) in 2001. Obesity was defined as BMI more than 95th percentile for age and sex and normal weight was defined as BMI between 25th percentile and 75th percentile for age and sex. Abnormal levels of AST, ALT and total cholesterol were defined as more than 95th percentile for age and sex. RESULTS: The BMI at 95th percentile was 28.7 in males and 26.9 in females. The prevalence of abnormal AST levels was higher in obesity group than in normal weight group. In males, those were 23.7% and 3.7%, respectively(P<0.01, x2-value : 529.2). In females, those were 11.8% and 4.9 %, respectively(P<0.01, x2-value : 56.3). The prevalence of abnormal ALT levels was significantly higher in the obesity group compared with the normal weight group. In males, those were 33.9% and 1.7%, respectively(P<0.01, chi2-value : 1,693.4). In females, those were 22.3% and 3.9%, repectively(P<0.01, x2-value : 397.6). The prevalence of abnormal total cholesterol levels was higher in the obesity group than in the normal weight group. In males, those were 16.8% and 3.5%, respectively(P<0.01, x2-value : 268.3). In females, those were 9.0% and 5.4%, respectively(P<0.01, x2- value : 14.2). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that the prevalences of abnormal AST, ALT and total cholesterol level were higher in the obese group than in the normal weight group.
Adolescent* ; Alanine ; Aspartic Acid ; Cholesterol* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity* ; Prevalence ; School Health Services ; Seoul