INTRODUCTIONSports injuries in children and adolescent present a unique challenge to the physician. They are often seen for clinical conditions unique to their age group. This paper highlights the epidemiological aspect of sports-related overuse injuries in this age group.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThis retrospective study reviewed all the paediatric patients diagnosed with overuses injuries during a 5 years and 7 months period. The overuse injuries were anterior superior iliac spine avulsion fracture, Osgood-Schlatter disease, Sinding-Larson-Johansson disease, osteochondritis dissecan and Sever's disease. We reviewed the literature and attempted to give an overview for each condition and the anatomical differences that contributed to their occurrence in this age group.

RESULTSA total of 506 cases of the overuse injuries were seen during the study period. Seventy-three per cent were male patients. The knee joint was the commonest affected joint while the hip was the least affected joint. The mean age at diagnosis was younger in female compared to male for all conditions except in Sinding-Larson Johansson syndrome. Female was diagnosed at a mean age of 11.7 years while male at 10.8 years. Osgood-Schlatter disease was the commonest among the overuse injuries. There was no discernible racial predilection for these conditions except in the patients with anterior superior iliac spine avulsion.

CONCLUSIONSOveruse injuries are not uncommon in children and adolescent. An adequate understanding of the anatomy of the sports the children participated in as well as the anatomical differences between adult and children may assist the primary care providers better meet parents' and coaches' expectations.

Athletic Injuries ; classification ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Child ; Cumulative Trauma Disorders ; classification ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; injuries ; Male ; Medical Audit ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore ; epidemiology

No abstract available in English.
Anesthesia, Conduction* ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Cannabis*

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic ; genetics ; Brain Diseases ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Child ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Diet, Protein-Restricted ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperammonemia ; complications ; diagnosis ; diet therapy ; genetics ; Ornithine ; deficiency ; genetics ; Recurrence ; Severity of Illness Index ; Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn ; complications ; diagnosis ; diet therapy ; genetics

INTRODUCTIONThe management of recurrent traumatic patellar dislocation includes surgical realignment. There is no clear distinction whether proximal soft tissue or distal procedures produce superior results. However, distal realignment procedures are commonly associated with greater morbidity. We advocate a distal procedure only for cases which are more severe, such as the presence of patellar maltracking.

MATERIALS AND METHODSBetween January 2002 and June 2007, all patients who had a history of traumatic patellar dislocation with recurrent symptoms and failed conservative management underwent surgical realignment. Patients who had evidence of lateral patellar subluxation on computed tomography (CT) scan were offered a distal realignment procedure using the Elmslie-Trillat or Roux Goldthwaite procedure. All other patients underwent proximal soft tissue medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction. Pre and postoperative functional International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Lysholm and Tegner score assessments were performed for a minimum follow-up period of 6 months. The mean scores for each group were analysed using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks test and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the difference between the groups.

RESULTSA total of 23 patients underwent surgery for patellar realignment. Of whom, 14 patients had a distal realignment procedure while 9 patients had a proximal procedure of MPFL reconstruction. There was greater morbidity reported with distal realignment procedures. Pre and postoperative IKDC, Lysholm and Tegner scores showed significant improvement for both treatment arms. However, there was no significant difference between the improvement scores for both groups.

CONCLUSIONPatients with significant patellar maltracking following traumatic patellar dislocation would benefit from distal realignment using the Elmslie-Trillat or Roux Goldthwaite procedure. Otherwise, a proximal soft tissue procedure involving MPFL reconstruction would be adequate. A management algorithm is proposed for clinical use.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Algorithms ; Bone Malalignment ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Joint Instability ; surgery ; Male ; Orthopedic Procedures ; Patellar Dislocation ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Recurrence ; Treatment Outcome

Introduction:This paper describes the epidemiological, microbiological and environmental investigations conducted during an outbreak of Salmonella gastroenteritis in Singapore. Methods:A case-control study was undertaken to identify the vehicle of transmission. Microbiological testing was performed on faecal, food and environmental samples. Isolates of Salmonella were further characterized by phage typing and ribotyping. Results:There were 216 gastroenteritis cases reported from 20 November to 4 December 2007. The causative agent was identified as Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Enteritidis for 14 out of 20 cases tested. The vehicle of transmission was traced to cream cakes produced by a bakery and sold at its retail outlets ( P < 0.001, OR = 143.00, 95% Cl = 27.23–759.10). More than two-thirds of the 40 Salmonella strains isolated from hospitalized cases, food samples and asymptomatic food handlers were of phage type 1; the others reacted but did not conform to any phage type. The phage types correlated well with their unique antibiograms. The ribotype patterns of 22 selected isolates tested were highly similar, indicating genetic relatedness. The dendrogram of the strains from the outbreak showed distinct clustering and correlation compared to the non-outbreak strains, confirming a common source of infection. Discussion:The cream cakes were likely contaminated by one of the ingredients used in the icing. Cross-contamination down the production line and subsequent storage of cakes at ambient temperatures for a prolonged period before consumption could have resulted in the outbreak.

INTRODUCTIONSingapore's defense against imported novel influenza A (H1N1-2009) comprised public health measures in compliance with the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Health Regulations (IHR), 2005. We report herein on the epidemiology and control of the fi rst 350 cases notified between May and June 2009.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe investigated the fi rst 350 laboratory-confirmed cases of novel influenza A (H1N1-2009) identified from the healthcare institutions between 27 May and 25 June 2009. Epidemiological details of these cases were retrieved and analysed. Contact tracing and active case finding were also instituted for each reported case, and relevant particulars including flight information were provided to WHO and overseas counterparts.

RESULTSThe fi rst 350 novel influenza A (H1N1-2009) cases comprised 221(63%) imported cases, 124 (35%) locally acquired cases and 5 (2%) cases with unknown source. The imported cases consisted of three waves involving the United States (US), Australia and Southeast Asia. In the fi rst wave, 11 (69%) of the 16 imported cases had visited the US within seven days prior to their onset of illness between 25 May and 4 June 2009. In the second wave, 20 (74%) of the 27 imported cases between 5 June and 12 June had travelled to Melbourne, Australia. In the third wave, 90 (51%) of the 178 imported cases between 13 June and 25 June were acquired from intra-regional travel in Southeast Asia. Specifically, 49 cases were from the Philippines and 40 (82%) of them had travelled to Manila. A total of 667 communications were effected through the IHR mechanism; a majority within 24 hours of disease notification.

CONCLUSIONSingapore experienced an unprecedented need for international cooperation in surveillance and response to this novel Influenza A (H1N1-2009) pandemic. The IHR mechanism served as a useful channel to engage in regional cooperation concerning disease surveillance and data sharing, but requires improvement.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Disease Notification ; Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Female ; Guideline Adherence ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; International Cooperation ; Male ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Travel ; World Health Organization ; Young Adult

INTRODUCTIONWe reviewed the epidemiological features of 1348 hospitalised cases of influenza A (H1N1-2009) [pandemic H1N1] infection in Singapore reported between 15 July and 28 September 2009.

MATERIALS AND METHODSData on the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of hospitalised patients with confirmed pandemic H1N1 infection were collected from all restructured and private hospitals in Singapore using a standard template and were analysed retrospectively.

RESULTSOf the 1348 cases, 92 were classified as severely ill (i.e. were admitted to an intensive care unit and/or who died). Of these severely ill cases, 50 (54.3%) required mechanical ventilation. While overall hospitalisation rates were highest in the 0 to 11 months age group, the incidence of severely ill cases was highest in patients aged 65 years and older. Fifty per cent of all hospitalised cases and 28% of all severely ill cases did not have any underlying medical conditions. The following factors were found to be independently associated with a higher likelihood of severe illness: older age and the presence of the following comorbidities: neuromuscular disorders, epilepsy and obesity.

CONCLUSIONBetween 15 July and 28 September 2009, pandemic H1N1 infection caused significant illness requiring hospitalisation, as well as intensive care and mechanical ventilation in some cases. There were 18 deaths from pandemic H1N1 during this period, which corresponded to a case-fatality rate of 7 deaths for every 100,000 cases of pandemic H1N1.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Outbreaks ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; Hospitalization ; statistics & numerical data ; trends ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Respiration, Artificial ; utilization ; Retrospective Studies ; Severity of Illness Index ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To evaluate a recently developed technique to place a medium-duration(weeks to months) central venous access. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Within three-year period, 635 patients were referred to interventional radiology suite for placement of peripherally inserted central catheter(PlCC). Contrast medium was injected into the peripheral intravenous line and a puncture was made into the opacified vein near the junction of the middle and upper thirds of the upper arm, either the brachial or basilic vein under fluoroscopic guidance. A 5.5-French peel-away sheath was inserted into the vein and a 5- French silicone catheter was introduced with its distal tip to the junction of the right atrium and superior vena cava. RESULTS: Catheter placement was successful in all patients unless there was a central venous obstruction. Catheters were maintained from 2 days to 5 months with a mean of 3 weeks. Complications included infection requiring removal of the PICC in 16 patients(2.5%), acute thrombosis of the subclavian vein in 3(0.5%). Occluded catheters in 4 patients were easily cleared with urokinase in place. CONCLUSION: The PICC system is an excellent option for medium-duration cen- tral venous access. Patients were able to carry on normal activities with the catheters in place.
Arm* ; Catheters* ; Heart Atria ; Humans ; Ocimum basilicum ; Punctures ; Radiology, Interventional ; Silicones ; Subclavian Vein ; Thrombosis ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator ; Veins ; Vena Cava, Superior

PURPOSE: To evaluate a recently developed technique to place a medium-duration(weeks to months) central venous access. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Within three-year period, 635 patients were referred to interventional radiology suite for placement of peripherally inserted central catheter(PlCC). Contrast medium was injected into the peripheral intravenous line and a puncture was made into the opacified vein near the junction of the middle and upper thirds of the upper arm, either the brachial or basilic vein under fluoroscopic guidance. A 5.5-French peel-away sheath was inserted into the vein and a 5- French silicone catheter was introduced with its distal tip to the junction of the right atrium and superior vena cava. RESULTS: Catheter placement was successful in all patients unless there was a central venous obstruction. Catheters were maintained from 2 days to 5 months with a mean of 3 weeks. Complications included infection requiring removal of the PICC in 16 patients(2.5%), acute thrombosis of the subclavian vein in 3(0.5%). Occluded catheters in 4 patients were easily cleared with urokinase in place. CONCLUSION: The PICC system is an excellent option for medium-duration cen- tral venous access. Patients were able to carry on normal activities with the catheters in place.
Arm* ; Catheters* ; Heart Atria ; Humans ; Ocimum basilicum ; Punctures ; Radiology, Interventional ; Silicones ; Subclavian Vein ; Thrombosis ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator ; Veins ; Vena Cava, Superior